Cortisol Serum Levels and their Relationship to Certain Antiretroviral Drugs

Collazos, Julio; Ibarra, Sofía; Loureiro, Mário

doi:10.1080/00365540410015231

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…We found that neither hair cortisol levels nor hair cortisone levels were associated with HIV viral load. Our results regarding the nonsignificant association between hair glucocorticoid levels and HIV viral load were generally in line with previous cross-sectional studies by employing hair cortisol levels [ 21 , 23 ], serum cortisol levels [ 14 , 52 ], and urinary cortisol levels [ 16 ]. However, one longitudinal study reported that urinary cortisol levels could predict a faster increase in HIV viral load over 4 years [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The relationship of hair glucocorticoid levels to immunological and virological outcomes in a large cohort of combination antiretroviral therapy treated people living with HIV

Zhang

Qiao

et al. 2022

BMC Infect Dis

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Background Existing literature mostly investigated the relationship of acute or short-term glucocorticoid exposure to HIV disease progression using cortisol levels in serum, saliva, or urine. Data are limited on the relationship of long-term glucocorticoid exposure to HIV disease progression. This study examined whether hair glucocorticoid levels, novel retrospective indicators of long-term glucocorticoid exposure, are associated with two common indicators of HIV disease progression (CD4 count and HIV viral load) among a large cohort of combination antiretroviral therapy treated Chinese people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods A total of 1198 treated PLHIV provided hair samples for glucocorticoid (cortisol and cortisone) assay and completed a survey assessing sociodemographic, lifestyle, and HIV-related characteristics. Meanwhile, CD4 count and HIV viral load were retrieved from their medical records. Spearman correlation was used to examine the associations of hair cortisol and cortisone levels to continuous CD4 count and HIV viral load. Multivariate logistic regression was used to predict CD4 count < 500 cells/mm3. Results Both hair cortisol and cortisone levels were negatively associated with CD4 count but not with HIV viral load. The odds ratio for CD4 count < 500 cells/mm3 was 1.41 [95% CI 0.99–2.00] and 2.15 [95% CI 1.51–3.05] for those with hair cortisol and cortisone levels in the highest quartile compared to the lowest when controlling for sociodemographic, lifestyle, HIV-related covariates, and HIV viral load. Conclusion Hair glucocorticoid levels were associated with CD4 count but not viral load in treated Chinese PLHIV. Our data furtherly supported the hypothesis that elevated glucocorticoid levels are associated with the lower CD4 count.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The relationship of hair glucocorticoid levels to immunological and virological outcomes in a large cohort of combination antiretroviral therapy treated people living with HIV

Zhang

Qiao

et al. 2022

BMC Infect Dis

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“…Consistent with other reasearch, 35 our study found that cortisol levels were higher among participants on ARV drugs as compared to those not on ARV drugs, suggesting that one of the mechanisms associated with these risk factors may involve neurohormones such as cortisol. Cortisol is released from the adrenal glands in response to high stress levels and can significantly affect neuroplasticity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Although it is well established that ARV drugs have been instrumental in significantly reducing morbidity and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS, biological side-effects from these powerful agents have been associated with increased risk for other metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Consistent with other reasearch, 35 our study found that cortisol levels were higher among participants on ARV drugs as compared to those not on ARV drugs, suggesting that one of the mechanisms associated with these risk factors may involve neurohormones such as cortisol. Cortisol is released from the adrenal glands in response to high stress levels and can significantly affect neuroplasticity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Effect of Relaxation Interventions on Cortisol Levels in HIV-Seropositive Women

Jones

Owens

Kumar

et al. 2013

J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care

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Purpose Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, assessed in terms of cortisol levels, may enhance the ability of HIV to infect lymphocytes and downregulate the immune system, accelerating disease progression. This study sought to determine the effects of relaxation techniques on cortisol levels in HIV-sero-positive women. Methods Women (n = 150) were randomized to a group cognitive–behavioral stress management (CBSM) condition or an individual information condition and underwent 3 types of relaxation training (progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, and autogenic training). Cortisol levels were obtained pre- and postrelaxation. Results Guided imagery was effective in reducing cortisol in the group condition (t = 3.90, P < .001), and muscle relaxation reduced cortisol in the individual condition (t = 3.11, P = .012). Among participants in the group condition attending all sessions, the magnitude of pre- to postsession reduction became greater over time. Conclusions Results suggest that specific relaxation techniques may be partially responsible for cortisol decreases associated with relaxation and CBSM.

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“…JNK1 blocks the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, reducing energy expenditure and promoting obesity. JNK1 activation in hypothalamic agouti gene-related protein (AgRP) neurons induces an increase in intake and weight gain and impairs insulin and leptin signaling, JNK3 (MAPK10) deletion in the same neuronal population produces very similar effects [ 50 ], so it will be important to know the role of EFV on these genes and the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis for future studies. The regulation of body weight is multidimensional; it depends on metabolic, hormonal, and molecular factors (involving, among others, lipids, glucose, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, growth hormone, serotonin, and some 5-HT receptors and their ligands).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Administration of Efavirenz Dysregulates the Tph2 Gene in Brain Serotonergic Areas and Alters Weight and Mood in Mice

Rojas-Osornio,

Crespo-Ramírez,

Paredes-Cervantes

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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Most HIV-antiretroviral drugs have adverse effects. Efavirenz (EFV) is an example of a drug with neuropsychiatric effects, such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts, in people living with HIV (PLWH). The mechanisms by which EFV causes neuropsychiatric alterations in PLWH are complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood, although several studies in animals have reported changes in brain energy metabolism, alterations in monoamine turnover, GABA, and glutamate levels, and changes in 5-HT receptors. In this report, we studied the effects of EFV on the serotonergic system in healthy mice, specifically, whether EFV results in alterations in the levels of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) gene in the brain. EFV (10 mg/kg) and distilled water (1.5 µL/kg) (control group) were orally administered to the mice for 36 days. At the end of the treatment, Tph2 expression levels in mouse brains were measured, and mood was evaluated by three trials: the forced swim test, elevated plus maze, and open field test. Our results revealed dysregulation of Tph2 expression in the brainstem, amygdala, and hypothalamus in the EFV group, and 5-HT levels increased in the amygdala in the EFV group. In the behavioral tests, mice given EFV exhibited a passive avoidance response in the forced swim test and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, and they lost weight. Herein, for the first time, we showed that EFV triggered dysregulation of the Tph2 gene in the three serotonergic areas studied; and 5-HT levels increased in the amygdala using the ELISA method. However, further studies will be necessary to clarify the increase of 5-HT in the amygdala as well as understand the paradoxical decrease in body weight with the simultaneous increase in food consumption. It will also be necessary to measure 5-HT by other techniques different from ELISA, such as HPLC.

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Cortisol Serum Levels and their Relationship to Certain Antiretroviral Drugs

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

The relationship of hair glucocorticoid levels to immunological and virological outcomes in a large cohort of combination antiretroviral therapy treated people living with HIV

The relationship of hair glucocorticoid levels to immunological and virological outcomes in a large cohort of combination antiretroviral therapy treated people living with HIV

The Effect of Relaxation Interventions on Cortisol Levels in HIV-Seropositive Women

Oral Administration of Efavirenz Dysregulates the Tph2 Gene in Brain Serotonergic Areas and Alters Weight and Mood in Mice

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