Corytophanids Replaced the Pleurodont XY System with a New Pair of XY Chromosomes

Acosta, Armando; Suárez-Varón, Gabriel; Rodríguez–Miranda, Luis Alberto; Lira‐Noriega, Andrés; Aguilar-Gómez, Diana; Gutiérrez-Mariscal, Mariana; Hernández‐Gallegos, Oswaldo; Méndez-de-la-Cruz, Fausto; Cortez, Diego

doi:10.1093/gbe/evz196

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Of course, we cannot exclude the possibility that some species of skinks do not share the same sex chromosomes. Rare exceptions from the conserved pattern with likely derived sex chromosomes were found in iguanas, anguimorphan lizards and mammals [18,[74][75][76]. However, the current results show that the sex chromosomes homologous to the sandfish are conserved for a long time across most of the phylogenetic diversity of skinks.…”

Section: Towards Resolution Of Controversies On Sex Determination In contrasting

confidence: 66%

Poorly differentiated XX/XY sex chromosomes are widely shared across skink radiation

Kostmann

Kratochvíl

Rovatsos

2020

Preprint

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Differentiated sex chromosomes are believed to be evolutionarily stable, and their emergence was suggested to lead to a remarkable increase in the diversification rate and in disparity in such groups as birds, mammals and snakes. On the other hand, poorly differentiated sex chromosomes are considered to be prone to turnovers. With around 1.700 currently known species forming c. 15% of reptile species diversity, skinks (family Scincidae) are a very diverse group of squamates known for their large ecological and morphological variability. Skinks generally have poorly differentiated and cytogenetically hardly distinguishable sex chromosomes and their sex determination was suggested to be highly variable. Here, we determined X-linked genes in the common sandfish (Scincus scincus) and demonstrate that skinks have shared the same homologous XX/XY sex chromosomes across their wide phylogenetic spectrum for at least 85 million years, approaching the age of the highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes of birds and advanced snakes. Skinks thus demonstrate that even poorly differentiated sex chromosomes can be evolutionarily stable and that large diversity can emerge even in groups with poorly differentiated sex chromosomes. The conservation of sex chromosomes across skinks allows us to introduce the first molecular sexing method widely applicable in this group.

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Section: Towards Resolution Of Controversies On Sex Determination In contrasting

confidence: 66%

Poorly differentiated XX/XY sex chromosomes are widely shared across skink radiation

Kostmann

Kratochvíl

Rovatsos

2020

Preprint

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“…Even highly differentiated, cytogenetically detectable sex chromosomes can be replaced by poorly differentiated ones, as supported by results in basilisks and Paroedura geckos [130][131][132] (case 10 in figure 2). Ogata et al [66] revealed that the heteromorphic sex chromosome systems probably returned to homomorphy through hybridization in the Japanese wrinkled frog Glandirana rugosa.…”

Section: Is the Sex Chromosome Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 53%

Expanding the classical paradigm: what we have learnt from vertebrates about sex chromosome evolution

Kratochvíl

Stöck

Rovatsos

et al. 2021

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Until recently, the field of sex chromosome evolution has been dominated by the canonical unidirectional scenario, first developed by Muller in 1918. This model postulates that sex chromosomes emerge from autosomes by acquiring a sex-determining locus. Recombination reduction then expands outwards from this locus, to maintain its linkage with sexually antagonistic/advantageous alleles, resulting in Y or W degeneration and potentially culminating in their disappearance. Based mostly on empirical vertebrate research, we challenge and expand each conceptual step of this canonical model and present observations by numerous experts in two parts of a theme issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. We suggest that greater theoretical and empirical insights into the events at the origins of sex-determining genes (rewiring of the gonadal differentiation networks), and a better understanding of the evolutionary forces responsible for recombination suppression are required. Among others, crucial questions are: Why do sex chromosome differentiation rates and the evolution of gene dose regulatory mechanisms between male versus female heterogametic systems not follow earlier theory? Why do several lineages not have sex chromosomes? And: What are the consequences of the presence of (differentiated) sex chromosomes for individual fitness, evolvability, hybridization and diversification? We conclude that the classical scenario appears too reductionistic. Instead of being unidirectional, we show that sex chromosome evolution is more complex than previously anticipated and principally forms networks, interconnected to potentially endless outcomes with restarts, deletions and additions of new genomic material. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.

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“…2014 ), the green anole A. carolinesis ( Marin et al. 2017 ), casque-headed lizards ( Acosta et al. 2019 ), water skinks ( Cornejo-Paramo et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression Evolution of Ancestral XY Gametologs across All Major Groups of Placental Mammals

Martínez-Pacheco¹,

Tenorio²,

Almonte³

et al. 2020

Genome Biology and Evolution

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Placental mammals present 180 million-year-old Y chromosomes that have retained a handful of dosage-sensitive genes. However, the expression evolution of Y-linked genes across placental groups has remained largely unexplored. Here, we expanded the number of Y gametolog sequences by analyzing ten additional species from previously unexplored groups. We detected seven remarkably conserved genes across 25 placental species with known Y repertoires. We then used RNA-seq data from 17 placental mammals to unveil the expression evolution of XY gametologs. We found that Y gametologs followed, on average, a 3-fold expression loss and that X gametologs also experienced some expression reduction, particularly in primates. Y gametologs gained testis-specificity through an accelerated expression decay in somatic tissues. Moreover, despite the substantial expression decay of Y genes, the combined expression of XY gametologs in males is higher than that of both X gametologs in females. Finally, our work describes several features of the Y chromosome in the last common mammalian ancestor.

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Corytophanids Replaced the Pleurodont XY System with a New Pair of XY Chromosomes

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Poorly differentiated XX/XY sex chromosomes are widely shared across skink radiation

Poorly differentiated XX/XY sex chromosomes are widely shared across skink radiation

Expanding the classical paradigm: what we have learnt from vertebrates about sex chromosome evolution

Expression Evolution of Ancestral XY Gametologs across All Major Groups of Placental Mammals

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