CoS produced in Porphyra biochar by exogenous Co and endogenous S doping to enhance peroxymonosulfate activation for carbamazepine degradation

The Physicochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metal Retention Capability of Black Liquor Lignin-Based Biochars

“…Herein, FT-IR spectroscopy was employed to analyze the surface functional groups of LGBCs (see Figure 2). It can be observed that LGBCs contain abundant surface functional groups involving -OH (stretching vibration at 3450~3380 cm −1 ), C-H (stretching or bending vibration at 2930, 2840, 1460, 1420, and 750~500 cm −1 ), C=O (stretching vibration at 1640-1610 cm −1 ), C=C ( stretching vibration at 1580, 1560, 1540, and 1500 cm −1 ), aromatic C=C (stretching vibration at 1520 cm −1 ), C-O, C-O-C, and Si-O-Si (stretching vibration at 1520, 1460, and 1120~1020 cm −1 ), and S=O, S-C, and metal-O (stretching vibration in the range of 750-500 cm −1 ) [8,21,22,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. It is worth noting that the vibrations of O/S-containing surface functional groups (C=O, C-O, C-O-C, Si-O-Si, S=O, and S-C) and C-H in LGBCs dramatically weaken with the increasing pyrolysis temperature, which is mainly related to the deoxygenation, dehydration, dehydrogenation, and depolymerization reactions of lignin under higher pyrolysis temperatures, whereas the increasing pyrolysis temperature generally results in the enhancement of aromatic C=C of LGBCs.…”