Coseismic hydrologic response of an alluvial fan to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

Wang, Chi‐Yuen; Cheng, Lin-Wen; Chin, Chi-Van; Yu, Shui-Beih

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0831:chroaa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 147 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…At distances beyond the near field, static poroelastic strain is so small that it cannot easily account for the large amplitude of the observed hydrologic changes (Rojstaczer et al 1995;Manga & Wang 2007). Furthermore, the model often has difficulty in explaining the sign of the observed groundwater-level changes (Roeloffs 1998;Wang et al 2001;Koizumi et al 2004) and the persistent streamflow increases in response to multiple earthquakes of different mechanisms and orientations .…”

Section: Changes In Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrologic Responses to Earthquakes and a General Metric

Wang¹,

Manga²

2010

Frontiers in Geofluids

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Hydrologic responses to earthquakes, including liquefaction, changes in stream and spring discharge, changes in the properties of groundwater such as geochemistry, temperature and turbidity, changes in the water level in wells, and the eruption of mud volcanoes, have been documented for thousands of years. Except for some water-level changes in the near field which can be explained by poroelastic responses to static stress changes, most hydrologic responses, both within and beyond the near field, can only be explained by the dynamic responses associated with seismic waves. For these responses, the seismic energy density e may be used as a general metric to relate and compare the various hydrologic responses. We show that liquefaction, eruption of mud volcanoes and increases in streamflow are bounded by e $ 10 )1 J m )3 ; temperature changes in hot springs are bounded by e $ 10 )2 J m )3 ; most sustained groundwater changes are bounded by e $ 10 )3 J m )3 ; geysers and triggered seismicity may respond to seismic energy density as small as 10 )3 and 10 )4 J m )3 , respectively. Comparing the threshold energy densities with published laboratory measurements, we show that undrained consolidation induced by dynamic stresses can explain liquefaction only in the near field, but not beyond the near field. We propose that in the intermediate field and far field, most responses are triggered by changes in permeability that in turn are a response to the cyclic deformation and oscillatory fluid flow. Published laboratory measurements confirm that changes in flow and time-varying stresses can change permeability, inducing both increases and decreases. Field measurements in wells also indicate that permeability can be changed by earthquakes in the intermediate field and far field. Further work, in particular field monitoring and measurements, are needed to assess the generality of permeability changes in explaining far-field hydrologic responses to earthquakes.

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Section: Changes In Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrologic Responses to Earthquakes and a General Metric

Wang¹,

Manga²

2010

Frontiers in Geofluids

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“…Other explanations that have been put forward for other co-seismic pressure and water-level transients (e.g., Wang et al, 2001), including the possibilities that signals propagate from remote locations to borehole sites hydrologically or that formation pressure anomalies are the consequence of seismic shaking, are considered unlikely at the Nankai sites.…”

Section: First Order Inferencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-seismic and post-seismic pore-fluid pressure changes in the Philippine Sea plate and Nankai decollement in response to a seismogenic strain event off Kii Peninsula, Japan

et al. 2009

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New pressure data from a pair of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) hydrologic borehole observatories at ODP Sites 1173 and 808, located off Japan in the subducting Philippine Sea plate and in the nearby Nankai accretionary prism, respectively, show clear signals associated with an earthquake swarm off the Kii Peninsula that began on September 5, 2004, roughly 220 km away from the observatory sites. At Site 1173, formation pressures rose by 1.0-1.5 kPa at the time of the largest earthquake (M w = 7.5), then continued to rise to a total anomaly of 4 kPa during the following 200-300 days. These transients are inferred to reflect co-seismic and slow continuing volumetric contraction of the plate by amounts of roughly 0.2 × 10 −6 and 0.5 × 10 −6 , respectively. The sign of the estimated strain is consistent with that predicted with a seismic-moment-constrained elastic half-space dislocation model, but the amplitude is much larger, by roughly a factor of 6 at the time of the main earthquake, and by nearly a factor of 20 when the total pressure-estimated strain at the end of the post-seismic period is compared to that estimated from the total cumulative seismic moment including aftershocks. The simplest inference that can be drawn is that a large component of aseismic slip occurred in the epicentral area. At Site 808, pressure at the deepest monitoring zone just above the subduction decollement fell at the time of the largest earthquakes. This may reflect shear-induced dilatation which would be consistent with strain-or velocityhardening behaviour along this seaward-most part of the subduction thrust interface.

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“…In this regard, groundwater level changes are not limited to co-seismic ones; signals before strong earthquakes are more valuable in terms of earthquake hazard prevention. In reality, variations of groundwater level are affected by barometric pressure, Earth's tides and other factors (Bredehoeft, 1976;Chen et al, 2010b;Chia et al, 2001;Wakita, 1991, 1995;Kingsley et al, 2001;Quilty and Roeloffs, 1997;Roeloffs, 1988Roeloffs, , 1998Narasimhan et al, 1984;Scholz et al, 1973;Van Der Kamp and Gale, 1983;Wang et al, 2001;Wang and Manga, 2010). Anomalous variations of groundwater level response to earthquakes are generally considered as meaningful (Brodsky et al, 2003;Igarashi and Wakita, 1991;Wang and Manga, 2010) while aforementioned factors can be effectively ruled out.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomalous frequency characteristics of groundwater level before major earthquakes in Taiwan

Chen

Wang

Wen

et al. 2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Unusual decreases of water levels were consistently observed in 78 % (= 42/54) of wells in the Choshuichi Alluvial Fan of central Taiwan about 250 days before the Chi-Chi earthquake (M = 7.6 on 20 September 1999) while possible factors of barometric pressure, earth tides, precipitation as well as artificial pumping were removed. Variations in groundwater levels measured on anomalous wells from 1 August 1997 to 19 September 1999, which covers the 250 day unusual decreases, were transferred into the frequency domain to unveil frequency characteristics associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake. Analytical results show that amplitudes at the frequency band between 0.02 day −1 and 0.04 day −1 generally maintained at the low stage and were apparently enhanced a few weeks before the Chi-Chi earthquake. Variations of amplitude at this particular frequency band were further examined along with other Taiwan earthquakes (M > 6) from 1 August 1997 to 31 December 2009. Features of the enhanced amplitudes at the frequency band are consistently observed prior to the other two earthquakes (the Rei-Li and Ming-Jian earthquakes) during the 12.5 yr study period. In addition, surface displacements recorded from GPS, which provides insights into understanding stress status in subsurface during the Chi-Chi earthquake, are also inspected. The result confirms that abnormal rise and fall changes in groundwater level yield an agreement with forward and backward surface displacements around the epicentre prior to the Chi-Chi earthquake.

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Coseismic hydrologic response of an alluvial fan to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

Cited by 147 publications

References 11 publications

Hydrologic Responses to Earthquakes and a General Metric

Hydrologic Responses to Earthquakes and a General Metric

Co-seismic and post-seismic pore-fluid pressure changes in the Philippine Sea plate and Nankai decollement in response to a seismogenic strain event off Kii Peninsula, Japan

Anomalous frequency characteristics of groundwater level before major earthquakes in Taiwan

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