Cosmological Constant from the Entropy Balance Condition

Abstract

In the action formalism variations of metric tensors usually are limited by the Hubble horizon. Contrary, variations of quantum fields should be extended up to the event horizon, which is the real boundary of the spacetime. As the result the entanglement energy of quantum particles across the apparent horizon is missed in the cosmological equations written for the Hubble volume. We identify this missing boundary term with the dark energy density and express it (using the null energy assumption for the finite universe) as the critical density multiplied by the ratio of the Hubble and event horizons radii.

Information-Probabilistic Description of the Universe

“…The Information-Probabilistic model considers the universe as a superposition of quantum states of a finite ensemble of particles [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The total entropy of the universe in this approach can be assumed to be zero since the system is finite and there are absent outside observers.…”

“…We can model this dark-energy-like behavior introducing the effective negative cosmological term, Λ, in the Schwarzschild metric [21,43,45]:…”

“…As a result, the entanglement energy of quantum particles across the apparent horizon is missed in the cosmological equations written for the Hubble volume. Let us show that, using the null energy assumption for the finite universe (5), we can identify this missing boundary term in cosmological equations with the dark energy density [21,43]. For a homogeneous, isotropic and flat universe there are two independent Friedmann equations with the cosmological term Λ:…”

“…Using (23) and the data (24) on locations of knot HST-1 and knot D in 2017, from (21) we can estimate the required values of effective Λ ∼ 3r s /d 3 that could explain the above mentioned problem with knots, Λ ∼ 10…”

“…In our previous papers we have introduced the Information-Probabilistic description of the Universe considering it as the finite ensemble of quantum particles [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Here we want to explore the possible consequences of this formalism and thus to probe it.…”