Cosmological impact of microwave background temperature measurements

Dynamical dark energy can amplify the expansion rate of the Universe

“…If light signal is emitted from atoms in a distant galaxy, its original frequency ω(t) should be equal to the frequency of photons emitted from the same kind of atoms in laboratory on the Earth, while ω 0 is the measured value of the signal frequency on the Earth. If light signal comes from the cosmic blackbody radiation, based on the calculation of nucleosynthesis, the maximum in the energy spectrum of the blackbody radiation is about 1 MeV at the time ∼ 200 sec after the Big Bang [67], corresponding to the temperature ∼ 10 9 K. With the Universe expanding, the blackbody radiation becomes the present-day CMB with temperature estimated to be ∼ 5 K [68], very close to the accurately measured value of 2.7255 ± 0.0006 K [50].…”

“…The smaller the introduced Hubble constant, the higher the CMB temperature value at a large redshift. Based on the data of the measurements [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58], the value of H 0 is deduced to be about 54.4 km s −1 Mpc −1 from the fitting curve under the cosmic constraints above. The calculation curve of the CMB temperature corresponding to H 0 = 54.4 km s −1 Mpc −1 is shown in Fig.…”

“…In addition, since the scalar field can influence the value of the temperature of the CMB, the evolution of the temperature violates the traditional relation T (z) = T 0 (1 + z) of standard cosmology. The redshift range of the measurements for the redshift dependent temperature of the CMB has been extended to z ∼ 6.34 [50,51]. We can test the dynamical dark energy model with the data of the measurements [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58].…”

“…The redshift range of the measurements for the redshift dependent temperature of the CMB has been extended to z ∼ 6.34 [50,51]. We can test the dynamical dark energy model with the data of the measurements [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58].…”

“…Since the redshift range of the measurements for the redshift dependent temperature of the CMB has been extended to z ∼ 6.34 [50,51], we can compare the data of the measurements [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] with the calculated values by the dynamical dark energy model. The evolution of the CMB temperature is shown in Fig.…”