Cost Competitiveness of Electrolytic Hydrogen

Guerra, Omar J.; Eichman, Joshua; Kurtz, Jennifer; Hodge, Bri‐Mathias

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.006

Cited by 180 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Based on these data, we estimated the total electricity required to enrich 1 kg lithium from seawater to 9000 ppm in five stages to be 76.34 kW h. Simultaneously, 0.87 kg H 2 and 31.12 kg Cl 2 were collected from the cathode and the anode, respectively. Taking the US electricity price of 34 the side-product value is approximately US$ 6.9-11.7, which can well compensate for the total energy cost. It should also be noted that the current Cl 2 utilisation capacity in the chlor-alkali industry is B80 Mtons y À1 .…”

Section: Lithium Extraction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous electrical pumping membrane process for seawater lithium mining

Liu

et al. 2021

Energy Environ. Sci.

152

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Section: Lithium Extraction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous electrical pumping membrane process for seawater lithium mining

Liu

et al. 2021

Energy Environ. Sci.

152

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“…The electroactive areas of the Pt/ VG-SPEs and VG-SPEs were calculated using the quasi-reversible Randles-Ševćik equation and cyclic voltammetry (CV). 36 The scan rates utilized for the CV were (5,10,15,25,50,75,100,150,250, and 350 mV s −1 ) and the final area values were determined from an average of (N = 5). The CVs pertaining to the commercially procured 20% Pt/C used the same reference and counter as described above, whilst the working electrode was a classical glassy carbon electrode (GCE) drop-cast with 1 µg cm −2 of the Pt/C.…”

Section: Electrochemical Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 (in automotive applications these are equivalent quantities). 5,6 Therefore, if green hydrogen is to become a viable energy vector the cost of its production has to be significantly decreased. Water splitting within a electrolyser, when its required energy is being drawn from renewable sources, wind, wave, etc., is a promising method of generating green hydrogen gas, as it has no associated carbon emissions (CO, CO 2 or CH 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum nanoparticle decorated vertically aligned graphene screen-printed electrodes: electrochemical characterisation and exploration towards the hydrogen evolution reaction

et al. 2020

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“…For instance, the development of competitive electrolytic systems for water splitting into green hydrogen gas has gained a lot of attention as a way to decarbonize the global economy, and some scenarios were already shown to be feasible. [50][51][52] Oxygen gas is the main side product of water splitting (close to 90 wt%) and can be readily transformed to ozone using cheap electricity. Therefore, combining ozone and hydrogen is promising in the context of a hydrogen-based economy relying on the predicted rise of the production of cheap renewable energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Two‐Step Approach for the Conversion of Technical Lignins to Biofuels

Figueirêdo

Venderbosch

Deuss

et al. 2020

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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strategies to valorize lignin are required. Depolymerization of lignin has been shown to have considerable potential, [6] leading to innovative lignin-derived biofuels [7,8] or drop-in chemicals. [9] In its native form, lignin consists of a highly crosslinked and methoxylated phenylpropanoid network. The structure of the biopolymer changes during isolation in typical (industrial) processes like the Kraft process used in the pulp and paper industry. [10] These technical lignins are currently produced at large scales (e.g., 50 million tons per year of Kraft lignin [11]) and consist of recalcitrant and remarkably complex structures as a result of their processing. Therefore, depolymerization is highly challenging. Various routes have been explored, and some examples are oxidative and reductive treatments using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. [12] Catalytic hydrotreatment is a well-known reductive upgrading strategy for technical lignins. It involves treatment of lignin with molecular hydrogen (or a hydrogen donor) in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Upon this treatment, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrocracking reactions occur, and a range of valuable monomers can be obtained. [12,13] Interesting results have been reported using different setups, catalysts, reaction conditions, and lignin types (Table 1). Nonetheless, the harsh conditions that typically required cause competitive repolymerization that ultimately leads to char in addition to carbon losses to the gas phase. Altogether, these reactions have a negative impact on the techno-economic viability of the process. Furthermore, due to the presence of stable CC bonds in technical lignins, the yield and quality of the hydrotreated products are yet not optimal for such high end application. [14] Oxidation strategies have been also reported for lignin depolymerization, [12,33-35] from which ozonation stands as a relatively simple treatment for upgrading technical lignins. Ozone was shown to be highly reactive toward phenolic nuclei and CC double bonds at ambient conditions, and neither chemical additives nor catalysts are typically required. [36] It can be easily generated in situ either from oxygen or dry air, and such ozone generation technologies are industrially used [37,38] and thus wellestablished, safe, and available at all scales. Furthermore, ozone has a half-life of <1 h when dissolved, [39] thus any residual ozone in the system quickly decomposes to O 2 , providing an overall clean process with no need of extra separation steps. [40] Previous research has shown that the products obtained by ozonation Lignocellulose is a widely available carbon source and a promising feedstock for the production of advanced second-generation biofuels. Nonetheless, lignin, one of its major components, is largely underutilized and only considered an undesired byproduct. Through catalytic hydrotreatment, the highly condensed lignin can be partially depolymerized into a range of monomers. However, its recalcitrance and the presence of aromatic fragments linked by C...

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Cost Competitiveness of Electrolytic Hydrogen

Cited by 180 publications

References 44 publications

Continuous electrical pumping membrane process for seawater lithium mining

Continuous electrical pumping membrane process for seawater lithium mining

Platinum nanoparticle decorated vertically aligned graphene screen-printed electrodes: electrochemical characterisation and exploration towards the hydrogen evolution reaction

A Two‐Step Approach for the Conversion of Technical Lignins to Biofuels

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