Cost-effective pigment production by Monascus purpureus using rice straw hydrolysate as substrate in submerged fermentation

Recent Findings in Azaphilone Pigments

“…Cost minimization for industrial production of azaphilones can be reduced by using agro-industrial waste as material for fungal growth, which also helps to solve the problem of pollution associated with the disposal of residues in the environment [ 19 , 98 ]. Liu et al [ 102 ] used rice straw hydrolysate for pigment production by M. purpureus M630 but reported that this substrate and does not have the ideal carbon content required by the fungus. Although supplementation may be necessary in some cases, the use of agroindustrial residues has been reported to be economically viable also adding sustainability to the process.…”

“…For pigments production, submerged fermentation is preferable, as it produces better yields, has lower risk of contamination and is easier to monitor when compared to cultivation in solid medium [ 109 ]. In addition, using submerged fermentation, it is possible to separate intracellular and extracellular pigments, soluble in the culture medium [ 102 ]. However, it is known that not all species of pigment-producing fungi have the ability to diffuse these pigments into the culture medium [ 73 ].…”

“…However, it is known that not all species of pigment-producing fungi have the ability to diffuse these pigments into the culture medium [ 73 ]. Among the techniques to increase the production of extracellular pigments, the design of mutant strains of M. purpureus [ 102 ], the addition of glycerol to the cultivation medium of M. pilosus MS-1 [ 110 ] and the establishment of a hyperosmotic environment to M. ruber CGMCC 10910 [ 82 ] were successfully utilized. The last two methods are related to the regulation of metabolism and gene expression caused by environmental stress.…”

Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fermentation Processes to Obtain Tannases Using Agro-Industrial Wastes

“…Easier and the product is easy to recover [32] The difficulty for the passage of oxygen in the liquid medium [33,34] Sterilization facilitates the process and its control [35] Detrimental to fungal growth [36,37] Efficiency in preventing the growth of other microorganisms [38] Homogeneity in culture media and control in temperature and pH [39,40] Better control of physicochemical parameters, more biomass growth in less time [41] Ease in determining biomass by simple filtration or centrifugation [33] It is used for bioremediation of effluents in industries [42] Bacteria, yeasts, and fungi can be used depending on the objective [37] It requires less investment, less energy, and a simple means of fermentation. Better condition of bacterial control [26] It is used on an industrial scale, nutrients, and oxygen dissolve easily in the medium and disperse throughout the bioreactor, so heat and mass increase efficiency [36] Incubation time decrease, better control in the process [43] Have a better performance, reduces costs and is sustainable, making it beneficial for the environment and the economy of production [44]…”

Utilization of Whey for Red Pigment Production by Monascus Purpureus in Submerged Fermentation

“…Various food industry wastes were used to produce Monascus pigments in the literature. These are; hydrolyzed rice straw [14], waste beer [15], brewer's spent grain [9], orange peels [16], chickhen feather [17], sugarcane bagasse [18,19] bakery wastes [20], rice water based medium [21], sweet potato [22], corn cob [23,24], potato powder [1], the grape pulp [10], corn step liquor [25], Jack fruit wastes [26], wheat [5] and prickly pear juice [27].…”