Cost-effective zeolite synthesis from waste glass cullet using energy efficient microwave radiation

Synthesis of high value-added Na–P1 and Na-FAU zeolites using waste glass from fluorescent tubes and aluminum scraps

“…To achieve this goal, researches used natural raw materials and low-cost industrial by-products to prepare zeolites (Chaves Lima et al 2019). Inexpensive materials are mainly clays [6][7][8][9] Liu et al, 2019;Yoldi et al, 2019), volcanic glasses [11], Tunisian sand [12,13] or industrial waste products as coal fly, bagasse fly ash [14,9,15], waste sanitary porcelain [16], waste aluminum cans [17], aluminum scraps [12,18,19] and glass wastes [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Due to the high silica content and its free composition of toxic and hazardous element, glass wastes are important starting materials for zeolite preparation.…”

“…The e-wastes like LCD panel glass [23] and cathode-ray-tube funnel glass [22] were also used in the preparation of LTA, FAU and NaP1 zeolites. Zeolite HS and NaP1 were prepared using microwave radiation from residue called waste glass cullet [24][25][26]. On the other hand, [32,33] used fluoride media for the zeolitization of raw powder glass to ZSM-5 and MEL zeolites.…”

Mixed-Phase Ion-Exchangers from Waste Amber Container Glass

“…Accordingly, container glass recycling rates vary widely across the globe, with 42, 34 and 20% reported for Australia, USA and Singapore, respectively, and between 50 and 80% among the European countries [5]. To address the problems of landfilling and stockpiling postconsumer container glass, a number of recent studies has been carried out to reprocess this waste into value-added products, such as ceramics, ion-exchangers, catalysts, sorbents, geopolymers, alkali-activated cements and building materials [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…Irrespective of colour, the principal oxide components of soda-lime-silica container glasses are SiO 2 (66-75 wt%), Na 2 O (12-16 wt%), CaO (6-12 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (0.7-7 wt%), MgO (0.1-5 wt%) and K 2 O (0.1-3 wt%), with trace chromophores (Fe 2 O 3 , SO 3 and Cr 2 O 3 ) below 0.5 wt% [16]. Hence, in comparison with other silicate wastes, such as slags and fly ashes, container glass of any origin provides a relatively predictable source of silica with negligible concentrations of toxic components [7][8][9]. The reactivity of the amorphous silica species in container glass under mild hydrothermal conditions has been exploited in several studies to produce a range of technologically relevant mineral phases including tobermorite (Ca 5 Si 6 O 16 (OH) 2 •4H 2 O) [3,[17][18][19], lithium metasilicate (Li 2 SiO 3 ) [9,15,20] and various zeolites [6][7][8][9]14,[21][22][23][24].…”

“…Hence, in comparison with other silicate wastes, such as slags and fly ashes, container glass of any origin provides a relatively predictable source of silica with negligible concentrations of toxic components [7][8][9]. The reactivity of the amorphous silica species in container glass under mild hydrothermal conditions has been exploited in several studies to produce a range of technologically relevant mineral phases including tobermorite (Ca 5 Si 6 O 16 (OH) 2 •4H 2 O) [3,[17][18][19], lithium metasilicate (Li 2 SiO 3 ) [9,15,20] and various zeolites [6][7][8][9]14,[21][22][23][24].…”