Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Directly Observed Therapy for Tuberculosis and Its Expansion in Rio De Janeiro

Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze and review the current knowledge about the principles of treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), World Health Organization treatment regimen to treat MDR-TB, mechanism of resistance, and risk factors for emergence of resistance, and novel antitubercular drugs (ATDs) available and control measures to improve treatment outcomes of MDR-TB.Methods: Various articles were reviewed from PubMed and other databases and were analyzed to write the review.Results: Mycobacterium is a largely curable infectious disease if proper treatment should be followed. The success of the treatment depends on the designing of proper treatment regimen and patient adherence to that medication.Conclusion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is now the most lethal infectious pathogen. Drug resistance has become a major problem in the treatment of TB. In MDR-TB, the bacteria is resistant to at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), and in extensively drug-resistant TB the bacteria is resistant to INH, RIF, any fluoroquinolone, and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs for TB such as kanamycin, capreomycin, and amikacin. More recently, a more worrying situation has emerged with the description of M. tuberculosis strains that have been found resistant to all antibiotics that were available for testing, a situation labeled as totally drug resistant-TB. Other reasons like poor planning by the authorities and the government may also result in the emergence of resistant strain. Rather than the effective chemotherapy and the moderately protective vaccine, new anti-TB agents, and novel controlled release nanoparticulate system like polymeric nanocarrier systems containing existing ATDs are urgently needed to decrease the global incidence of TB.

Section: Management Of Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Strategies in the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

Td¹,

Alias²

2018

“…Mycobacterium TB and considered a major global health issue worldwide with 8.8 million people developing TB annually [1,2]. Drug-resistant TB developed due to improper treatment or interruption of treatment [3], and according to the latest WHO estimate, it ranks as the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide after the human immunodeficiency virus.…”

Section: Tuberculosis (Tb) Is a Multisystemic Chronic Infection Causementioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Study of Validity of Latent Tuberculosis as a Predictor to Tuberculosis of Thoracic Spine

Gorial

Abdulrazaq

Fawzi

2018

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the validity of latent tuberculosis (TB) as a predictor for TB of thoracic spine.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 31 patients with osteoarticular TB diagnosed on the base of clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging, and tissue biopsy. Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics of the disease were recorded. Latent TB was diagnosed by tuberculin skin test (TST) >10 mm. Results: The mean age of patients was 44.9 ± 19.0 years. Females were 17 (54.8) and mean body mass index was 24.6 ± 4.9 kg/m2. Thoracic spine was the highest osteoarticular TB site. Then, lumbar spine TB was 3 (9.7%) patients. Third in rank was TB of the knee joints 2 (6.5%). Cervical spine and hip joint TB were each one, 1 (3.2) patients, respectively. Validity of latent TB as a test to predict TB of thoracic spine revealed that if TST was positive, then this test will be accurate in 77.42% and we can establish the diagnosis of TB of the thoracic spine with 90.48% confidence if we had a clinical suspicion of TB of thoracic spine.Conclusion: There was a significant positive correlation between osteoarticular TB and latent TB. Thoracic spine TB was the most common osteoarticular TB infection compared to other sites. Patients who had latent TB have 9.5 times risk of having TB of the thoracic spine. Latent TB was a valid measure to predict TB of thoracic spine.

“…Tuberculosis (TB) still continues to be India's severest health crisis despite several control measures [1,2]. TB kills an estimated 480,000 Indians every year and more than 1400 every day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Tuberculosis a Familial Communicable Disease? High Time to Strengthen Contact Screening

Jain

Dutta

et al. 2018

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a highly communicable disease and represents a serious public health problem. In the absence of active case detection and early diagnosis among close contacts of a known TB patient, the family members are at high risk of developing the disease and are the potential source of spread of the disease in the community. Here, we discuss a case of pulmonary TB which stresses on the importance and urgent need for screening all household contacts and for early diagnosis and treatment of all cases and susceptible contacts.