Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Practice Guidelines: Have We Reached a Tipping Point?—An Overview

Abstract

Given recent developments in the United States, where professional clinical societies have attempted to define "value" and consider it in their deliberations about appropriate care, this thematic article describes those recent specialty society efforts in the United States in cardiology and oncology and the multispecialty efforts in the United Kingdom for over 10 years. Despite our high levels of health spending, and our field's long and consistent approach to the basic tools of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), US private and public payers are not routinely or explicitly using CEAs in their reimbursement decisions. This is a puzzle that raises the following question: Why does the United States have so many skilled pharmacoeconomic practitioners and produce so many CEAs given this apparent lack of interest and trust? There are multiple reasons, but the lack of incentives to use the information certainly matters. This article identifies and discusses a number of key issues and challenges for incorporating CEA into US clinical guidelines development: potential bias in manufacturer-sponsored CEAs, the role of societal perspective, payer-subscriber and physician-patient agency relationships, the need for disease area CEA studies and modeling, patient heterogeneity, investigators' conflicts of interest, assessing the quality of economic studies, and aggregation of information using multicriteria decision analysis. These developments suggest that the application of CEA in health care decision making in the United States is evolving and may be approaching a tipping point. With increasing pressures on drug prices, perhaps reflecting challenges to industry sustainability, payers, providers, and patients are looking for value for money. CEA should be an important part of this process.

Cost-effectiveness of subcutaneous house dust mite allergen immunotherapy plus pharmacotherapy for allergic asthma

“…Furthermore, Markov models are suitable for modelling chronic diseases like asthma that are characterized by varying symptomatic episodes of different severity over time (27). This aspect constitutes one of the major strengths of our study, as this may allow clinicians to obtain evidence regarding the economic implications of the SCIT as add-on therapy to the commonly used pharmacological treatments in the current practice and may base their decisions considering not only a clinical dimension (38).…”

Embracing the science of value in health

“…At the meso level, clinical practice guidelines in many jurisdictions do not include considerations of cost-effectiveness at present. The guideline movement is slowly evolving in the direction of including broader classes of evidence, 23,24 but more progress is needed. At the macro level, a particular need is within public health.…”

Nurse-led versus doctor-led care for bronchiectasis

“…Auditing of British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines for bronchiectasis management has revealed lack of adherence to the guideline (Hill 2012;Hill 2014). Few economic evaluations were reported before guideline release (Garrison 2016); however it is expected that better management through adherence to guidelines should lead to better health outcomes (Polverino 2017). Further evaluation of protocol use/ guideline adherence by clinicians is recommended to determine whether costs reduce overtime and health outcomes are improved.…”