Cost-Effectiveness of More Intensive Blood Pressure Treatment in Patients with High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Saudi Arabia: A Modelling Study of Meta-Analysis

Almalki, Ziyad S.; Alatawi, Yasser; Alharbi, Adnan; Almaklefi, Bader; Alfaiz, Suliman Abdulaziz; Almohana, Omar; Alsaidan, Yasser Saud M.; Alanezi, Abdullah

doi:10.1155/2019/6019401

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…These findings indicate that the policymakers’ and clinicians’ prompt action would help RA patients with HT achieve optimal BP control to minimize the disease's progression and related costs and poor quality of life associated with long-term poor BP control. [ 51 , 52 ] Tremendous effort is crucial to evaluate BP control among RA patients with HT and implement better approaches for achieving long-term BP control. Health education for patients was considered as the best choice to improve their self-care practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertensive adults with rheumatoid arthritis in Saudi Arabia

et al. 2022

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Despite the availability and advancement of diagnostic and treatments with demonstrated benefits in minimizing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, hypertension control rates remain suboptimal. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the prevalence of uncontrolled BP in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and understand all potential risk factors for uncontrolled BP. We conducted a cross-sectional study on RA patients in 2 rheumatology clinics in 2 public hospitals in Riyadh. Patients’ information such as demographics, comorbidities, drug use, and other clinical data were captured through a review of medical records and supplemented by patient interviews. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized for the analysis to identify the significant factors of uncontrolled BP (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg). In total, 834 subjects with RA and concomitant BP were involved in this cross-sectional study. The prevalence of uncontrolled BP was found to be 31.65% among all the study population. Multivariate analysis showed that males, subjects above 60 years of age, and smokers had a distinctly higher occurrence of uncontrolled BP. Among the patients with comorbid conditions, those with obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, anemia, cancer, and reflex or gastroesophageal reflux disease also showed a significantly higher risk of uncontrolled BP ( P < .05). The rate of uncontrolled BP was found to be alarmingly high in the study population. Age, gender, smoking, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, cancer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and osteoporosis are independently linked with lack of BP control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertensive adults with rheumatoid arthritis in Saudi Arabia

et al. 2022

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“…The cost of CVDs treatment in Saudi Arabia was based on a study done in Saudi Arabia and published in 2019. 28 The annual average cost of cancer treatment for Bahrain and Kuwait was estimated based on a local study done by the Bahrain Defense Force Hospital 27 in 2016. The cost for Oman and Saudi Arabia was based on estimation done by Oman National Oncology Centre of the Ministry of Health 29 in 2015.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bahrain estimation was used as a proxy for Kuwait, Oman and Qatar. The cost of CVDs treatment in Saudi Arabia was based on a study done in Saudi Arabia and published in 2019 28. The annual average cost of cancer treatment for Bahrain and Kuwait was estimated based on a local study done by the Bahrain Defense Force Hospital27 in 2016.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The case for investing in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council: an economic evaluation

et al. 2022

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BackgroundWhile the non-communicable disease (NCD) burden in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) has surged over the past decades, the costs and return on investment (ROI) of implementing cost-effective, WHO-recommended NCD interventions have not been established.MethodsWe performed an economic analysis to estimate the ROI from scaling up four sets of NCD interventions over 15 years. We estimated the direct costs of the four main NCDs (cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and chronic respiratory diseases) using a prevalence-based, bottom-up cost-of-illness approach. We estimated indirect costs based on productivity loss due to absenteeism, presenteeism and premature deaths. We costed the scaling up of interventions using the WHO Costing Tool and assessed the health impact of interventions using the OneHealth Tool. We calculated ROI by comparing productivity and social benefits with the total costs of implementing the interventions.ResultsThe four main NCDs cost the GCC economy nearly US$50 billion in 2019, equal to 3.3% of its gross domestic product. The indirect costs are estimated at US$20 billion or 40% of the total burden. Implementing the four modelled intervention packages in the six GCC countries over 15 years will cost US$14 billion, with an ROI of US$4.9 for every US$1 invested and significant health and social benefits, including 290 000 averted premature deaths.ConclusionBased on the results of these six investment cases, we recommend actions to scale up current WHO-recommended cost-effective interventions, strengthen whole-of-government action, drive the NCD legislative agenda, build out the evidence base, generate additional advocacy material, and increase regional collaboration and data-sharing to establish best practices and monitor impact.

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“…Almaslami et al 25 AlRuthia et al 26 Almalki et al 27 Al-Senani et al 28 Hersi et al 29 Knott et al 30 Cara et al 31 Alsaqa'aby et al 32 Al-Aidaroos et al 33 Gupta et al 34 Joosub et al 35 Nasef et al 36 25 AlRuthia et al 26 Almalki et al 27 Al-Senani et al 28 Hersi et al 29 Knott et al 30 Cara et al 31 Alsaqa'aby et al 32 Al-Aidaroos et al 33 Gupta et al 34 Joosub et al 35 Nasef et al 36…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Almaslami et al 25 AlRuthia et al 26 Almalki et al 27 Al-Senani et al 28 Hersi et al 29 Knott et al 30 Cara et al 30 Alsaqa'aby et al 32 Al-Aidaroos et al 33 Gupta et al 34 Joosub et al 35 Nasef et al 36 the definition and criteria for choosing the comparator are not clearly stated within the analyses. Estimating costs should include payers' and societal perspectives in the reference case, as described in the second panel.…”

Section: Table 3 Limitation Domain Summary Details Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Approaches to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Saudi Arabia: What Can We Learn? A Systematic Review

Maraiki

Bazarbashi

Scuffham

et al. 2022

MDM Policy & Practice

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Objective The recent establishment of the health technology assessment (HTA) entity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has resulted in increased interest in economic evaluation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the technical approaches used in published economic evaluations and the limitations reported by the authors of the respective studies that could affect the ability to perform economic evaluations in the KSA. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of published economic evaluations performed for the KSA over the past 10 years. An electronic literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed. A CHEERS checklist was used to assess the quality of reporting. Reported limitations were classified into domains including the definition of perspectives, identification of comparators, estimation of costs and resources, and use of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio threshold. Results Twelve evaluations were identified; most involved cost-effectiveness analysis (92%). Missing and unclear data were found within the CHEERS criteria. Regardless of the perspective used, most described the perspective as an “institutional” perspective (70%) and almost half were reclassified by the current reviewer (42%). Most did not clearly state the comparator (83%), and published model comparators were commonly used (50%). Resource estimation was mostly performed by the authors of the respective studies (67%), and costs were mostly obtained from hospital institutional data (75%). The lack of an established threshold for the country-specific willingness to pay was observed in 50% of the analyses. Conclusions Economic evaluations from the KSA are limited. Capacity building and country-specific HTA guidelines could improve the quality of evaluations to better inform decision making. Highlights Economic analysis of health technology should follow standard guidelines. Unfortunately, these guides are often underutilized, and our findings identify considerable missing, not clearly stated, or incomplete data within the analyses, which can weaken the impact of the recommendations. The limitations reported by the authors of the respective studies emphasize the suboptimal quality of the reporting. A lack of data was frequently identified and resulted in using “institutional” practice as a major source of data input for the analyses. In light of the call for the establishment of an HTA entity in the KSA, framing a standard analytic approach when conducting economic evaluations will support HTA in informing resource allocation decisions. We hope that our findings highlight the need for country-specific guidance to improve practice and enhance future research.

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Cost-Effectiveness of More Intensive Blood Pressure Treatment in Patients with High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Saudi Arabia: A Modelling Study of Meta-Analysis

Cited by 11 publications

References 56 publications

Uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertensive adults with rheumatoid arthritis in Saudi Arabia

Uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertensive adults with rheumatoid arthritis in Saudi Arabia

The case for investing in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council: an economic evaluation

Methodological Approaches to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Saudi Arabia: What Can We Learn? A Systematic Review

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