Cost-effectiveness of RefluxStop compared to proton pump inhibitors and Nissen fundoplication for management of persistent gastroesophageal reflux disease in Norway

Abstract

Background Heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation are characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The standard treatment in Norway is proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), but surgical alternatives such as Nissen fundoplication are pursued when medical management proves ineffective. RefluxStop is an implantable device presenting a new approach to restoration of the antireflux barrier. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of RefluxStop, Nissen fundoplication, and PPI-based medical management (MM) in Norway.Methods A Markov model was adapted from a published cost-effectiveness analysis developed for the UK NHS assessing the cost-effectiveness of RefluxStop in comparison with PPI-based MM and Nissen fundoplication. The perspective of the Norwegian healthcare payer, lifetime horizon, one-month cycle length, and a 4% annual discount rate for costs and health-benefits were used. Health states included in the model were initial MM, MM relapse, follow-on surgery, reoperations, MM with a higher dose, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer, and death. Adverse events related to MM and surgeries were included with benefits measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Norwegian diagnostic-related group tariffs and literature were used as sources for unit costs. Clinical efficacy data for RefluxStop was based on an ongoing clinical study and comparator treatments were informed by published studies. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to address uncertainty of the parameter estimates.Results Compared to PPI-based MM and Nissen fundoplication, the base case incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of RefluxStop were NOK 68,262 and NOK 79,543 per QALY gained, respectively. The results of the model were robust to variation in individual inputs with exception of monthly failure rate of RefluxStop relative to Nissen fundoplication. RefluxStop demonstrated a significantly high probability of cost-effectiveness at the cost-effectiveness threshold of NOK 275,000 per QALY gained, with probabilities of 100% and 92% against PPI-based MM and Nissen fundoplication, respectively.Conclusion The RefluxStop device is highly likely to be cost-effective compared to PPI-based MM and Nissen fundoplication in Norway. Further study is required to assess the real-world long-term safety and efficacy of this novel device.