“…However, in the case of negative effect, the findings of this study are consistent with the results of some previous studies, including Majumdar and Chhibber (1999), Gleason et al (2000), Le and Phan (2017), Vo and Ellis (2017), and Qayyum and Noreen (2019). Moreover, in the case of both the positive and negative effects of both leverage and capital structure on financial performance, the findings in our paper support the findings in Bandyopadhyay and Barua (2016), Jaisinghani and Kanjilal (2017), Endri, Ridho, et al (2021), Endri, Supeni, et al (2021), andKurniasih et al (2022).…”