Cost of Illness Study of Regular Out Patient Department Diabetic in a Low Income Country: A Cross Sectional Study

Kattel, Vivek; Subedi, Manish; Agrawal, Yamuna; Pall, Z.S.; Rani, Shivani; Upadhyaya, S; Lavaju, Poonam; Sarraf, D.K.; Maskey, Robin

doi:10.3126/jdean.v3i1.24060

Cited by 4 publications

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“…26 This review also reported a cost per visit of US $4.39, laboratory cost of US $31.70 per year, and medicine cost of US $77.70 per year in Nepal in 2019. Among the limited cost of T2D studies in Nepal, Kattel et al 27 estimated that the average cost for medication and screening of diabetes was US $103 per year, and the mean indirect cost was US $102 per year. However, these estimates are different from those reported in the current study, because the study by Kattel et al reported the cost based on annual resource use in a hospital setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Health Care Expenditure to Manage and Care for Type 2 Diabetes in Nepal: A Patient Perspective

Dahal,

Rawal,

Ademi

et al. 2023

MDM Policy & Practice

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Background. This study aimed to estimate the health care expenditure for managing type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the community setting of Nepal. Methods. This is a baseline cross-sectional study of a heath behavior intervention that was conducted between September 2021 and February 2022 among patients with T2D ( N = 481) in the Kavrepalanchok and Nuwakot districts of Nepal. Bottom-up and micro-costing approaches were used to estimate the health care costs and were stratified according to residential status and the presence of comorbid conditions. A generalized linear model with a log-link and gamma distribution was applied for modeling the continuous right-skewed costs, and 95% confidence intervals were obtained from 10,000 bootstrapping resampling techniques. Results. Over 6 months the mean health care resource cost to manage T2D was US $22.87 per patient: 61% included the direct medical cost (US $14.01), 15% included the direct nonmedical cost (US $3.43), and 24% was associated with productivity losses (US $5.44). The mean health care resource cost per patient living in an urban community (US $24.65) was about US $4.95 higher than patients living in the rural community (US $19.69). The health care costs per patient with comorbid conditions was US $22.93 and was US $22.81 for those without comorbidities. Patients living in rural areas had 16% lower health care expenses compared with their urban counterparts. Conclusion. T2D imposes a substantial financial burden on both the health care system and individuals. There is a need to establish high-value care treatment strategies for the management of T2D to reduce the high health care expenses. Highlights More than 60% of health care expenses comprise the direct medical cost, 15% direct nonmedical cost, and 24% patient productivity losses. The costs of diagnosis, hospitalization, and recommended foods were the main drivers of health care costs for managing type 2 diabetes. Health care expenses among patients living in urban communities and patients with comorbid conditions was higher compared with those in rural communities and those with without comorbidities. The results of this study are expected to help integrate diabetes care within the existing primary health care systems, thereby reducing health care expenses and improving the quality of diabetes care in Nepal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Health Care Expenditure to Manage and Care for Type 2 Diabetes in Nepal: A Patient Perspective

Dahal,

Rawal,

Ademi

et al. 2023

MDM Policy & Practice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, in the current study, it was observed that the productivity loss of the patient was mostly accounted for by indirect cost. However, it was observed in the published literature that absenteeism, presenteeism, and premature mortality significantly contributed to indirect cost [34][35][36]. In addition, it was also noted that food and travel significantly contributed to the indirect cost [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country

Butt

Ong

Wahab³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Diabetes is a major chronic illness that negatively influences individuals and society. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze and evaluate the cost associated with diabetes management, specific to the Pakistani Type 2 diabetes population. Research scheme and methods: A survey randomly collected information and data from diabetes patients throughout Pakistan out-patient clinics. Direct and indirect costs were evaluated, and data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: An overall of 1839 diabetes patients participated in the study. The results have shown that direct and indirect costs are positively associated with the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, except for household income and educational status. The annual total cost of diabetes care was USD 740.1, amongst which the share of the direct cost was USD 646.7, and the indirect cost was USD 93.65. Most direct costs comprised medicine (USD 274.5) and hospitalization (USD 319.7). In contrast, the productivity loss of the patients had the highest contribution to the indirect cost (USD 81.36). Conclusion: This study showed that direct costs significantly contributed to diabetes’s overall cost in Pakistan and overall diabetes management estimated to be 1.67% (USD 24.42 billion) of the country’s total gross domestic product. The expense of medications and hospitalization mostly drove the direct cost. Additionally, patients’ loss of productivity contributed significantly to the indirect cost. It is high time for healthcare policymakers to address this huge healthcare burden. It is time to develop a thorough diabetes management plan to be implemented nationwide.

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“…A gradual increase in publications was observed in the years 2015–2017. (Afroz et al, 2019 ; Akari et al, 2013 ; Andersson et al, 2020 ; Anja & Laura, 2017 ; Anja & Laura, 2017 ; Bommer et al, 2017 ; Bommer et al, 2018 ; Boyanov et al, 2011 ; Bruno et al, 2012 ; Chatterjee et al, 2011 ; Chow et al, 2018 ; Elgart et al, 2014 ; Erzse et al, 2019 ; Hex et al, 2012 ; Hussain et al, 2014 ; Ibrahim, 2014 ; Javanbakht et al, 2011 ; Karachaliou et al, 2014 ; Kattel et al, 2019 ; Khan et al, 2020 ; Köster et al, 2011 ; Köster et al, 2011 ; Lesniowska & Skrzekowska-Baran, 2011 ; Leśniowska et al, 2014 ; Marcellusi et al, 2016 ; Mokdad et al, 2015 ; Palmer et al, 2012 ; Quaye et al, 2011 ; Riewpaiboon et al, 2011 ; Sortsoe et al, 2016 ; Suleiman & Festus, 2015 ; Todorova et al, 2012 ; Ulrich et al, 2016 ; Ying et al, 2011 ; Zhuo et al, 2014 ). Further details can be seen in Figure 2 .…”

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A systematic review of the economic burden of diabetes mellitus: contrasting perspectives from high and low middle-income countries

Butt,

Ong,

Rafiq

et al. 2024

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

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Introduction Diabetes increases preventative sickness and costs healthcare and productivity. Type 2 diabetes and macrovascular disease consequences cause most diabetes-related costs. Type 2 diabetes greatly costs healthcare institutions, reducing economic productivity and efficiency. This cost of illness (COI) analysis examines the direct and indirect costs of treating and managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Medline Plus, and CENTRAL were searched for relevant articles on type 1 and type 2 diabetes illness costs. The inquiry returned 873 2011–2023 academic articles. The study included 42 papers after an abstract evaluation of 547 papers. Results Most articles originated in Asia and Europe, primarily on type 2 diabetes. The annual cost per patient ranged from USD87 to USD9,581. Prevalence-based cost estimates ranged from less than USD470 to more than USD3475, whereas annual pharmaceutical prices ranged from USD40 to more than USD450, with insulin exhibiting the greatest disparity. Care for complications was generally costly, although costs varied significantly by country and problem type. Discussion This study revealed substantial heterogeneity in diabetes treatment costs; some could be reduced by improving data collection, analysis, and reporting procedures. Diabetes is an expensive disease to treat in low- and middle-income countries, and attaining Universal Health Coverage should be a priority for the global health community.

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Cost of Illness Study of Regular Out Patient Department Diabetic in a Low Income Country: A Cross Sectional Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Estimating the Health Care Expenditure to Manage and Care for Type 2 Diabetes in Nepal: A Patient Perspective

Estimating the Health Care Expenditure to Manage and Care for Type 2 Diabetes in Nepal: A Patient Perspective

Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country

A systematic review of the economic burden of diabetes mellitus: contrasting perspectives from high and low middle-income countries

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