Cost of Mutualism: Competition, Tree Morphology, and Pollen Production in Limber Pine Clusters

Feldman, Ronald A.; Tomback, Diana F.; Koehler, James K.

doi:10.2307/177000

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Only genetic analysis can distinguish between the morphologically similar multiple-trunk trees and tree clusters. Several studies have found that the proportion of single stems ranges from 65% to 80% over the elevation range covered by this study (Lanner and Vander Wall 1980;Schuster and Mitton 1991;Carsey and Tomback 1994;Feldman et al 1999). The composition of tree clumps is highly variable ranging from 18% (Schuster and Mitton 1991) to 81% (Carsey and Tomback 1994) composed of genetic individuals (tree clusters).…”

Section: Survey Methodsmentioning

confidence: 77%

The distribution and incidence of white pine blister rust in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado

Kearns

Jacobi

2007

Can. J. For. Res.

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A survey of limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) to determine the geographic distribution, incidence, and severity of white pine blister rust (WPBR) throughout 13 study areas in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado was conducted from 2002 to 2004. The majority (81.1%) of the 18 719 surveyed limber pines >1.37 m tall were classified as healthy, 13.5% were declining or dying from various causes, and 5.4% were dead. WPBR was present on 278 (55%) of the 504 survey plots. Incidence of the disease ranged from 0% to 100% and averaged 15.5% over all the plots and 28.0% on the infested plots. Likelihood of infection by WPBR was significantly greater for limber pines in larger diameter classes. Incidence was negatively correlated with elevation and positively correlated with geographic position, with more northerly and easterly plots having higher incidences of WPBR. Incidence varied by slope position and did not vary by aspect, slope configuration, or degree of canopy closure. The current level of infestation in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado has been attained within the past two to four decades. With time, the pathogen may spread to currently uninfested white pine populations and intensify throughout its current distribution impacting valuable ecosystems.Résumé : Un inventaire du pin flexible (Pinus flexilis James) a été réalisé de 2002 à 2004 dans 13 zones d'étude situées dans le centre et le sud-est du Wyoming et le nord du Colorado pour déterminer la répartition géographique, l'incidence et la sévérité de la rouille vésiculeuse du pin blanc (RVPB). La majorité (81,1 %) des 18 719 pins flexibles échantillonnés de plus de 1,37 m de haut ont été classés comme sains, 13,5 % dépérissaient ou étaient mourants sous l'effet de diverses causes et 5,4 % étaient morts. La RVPB était présente dans 278 (55 %) des 504 places-échantillons. L'incidence de la maladie variait de 0 % à 100 % et atteignait en moyenne 15,5 % dans l'ensemble des places-échantillons et 28,0 % dans les places-échantillons infectées. Les risques d'infection par la RVPB étaient significativement plus élevés pour les pins flexibles dans les classes de diamètre supérieures. L'incidence était négativement corrélée avec l'altitude et positivement corrélée avec la position géographique : les places-échantillons les plus au nord et les plus à l'est avaient les plus fortes incidences de RVPB. L'incidence variait selon la position de la pente mais non selon l'exposition, la configuration de la pente ou le degré de fermeture du couvert. Le niveau actuel d'infection dans le centre et le sud-est du Wyoming et le nord du Colorado a été atteint au cours des deux à quatre dernières décennies. Avec le temps, le pathogène pourrait progresser vers les populations de pin blanc non infectées et l'infection pourrait s'intensifier partout où la maladie est actuellement présente et affecter des écosystèmes de grande valeur.[Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Section: Survey Methodsmentioning

confidence: 77%

The distribution and incidence of white pine blister rust in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado

Kearns

Jacobi

2007

Can. J. For. Res.

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“…Seeds of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) (Christensen et al 1991) and limber pine (Pinus jlexilis) (Feldman et al 1999) are primarily dispersed by the seed predator Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). Nutcrackers ensure against winter forage scarcity by subterranean caching of cone seeds while cones are plentiful in the fall.…”

Section: Seed Deposition Into Favorable Microhabitatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nutcrackers ensure against winter forage scarcity by subterranean caching of cone seeds while cones are plentiful in the fall. In a typical winter, about one-fifth of the cached seeds are not recovered (Feldman et al 1999). Some fruits such as European hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), and holly (llex aquifolium), contain secondary compounds that are mildly toxic to many avian consumers.…”

Section: Seed Deposition Into Favorable Microhabitatmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions among non-native plants and birds

Reichard

Chalker-Scott

Buchanan

2001

Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World

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Abstract:Humans have introduced many non-native plants into urbanizing landscapes. In numerous cases, the dispersal and establishment of non-native plants are facilitated by birds. We have reviewed documented relationships between birds and non-native plants with specific attention to the urbanizing environment. Birds consume fruits and disperse seeds of non-native plants.They may also increase seed production or plant/seed survival by pollinating non-native plant species or consuming insect predators, respectively. Some avian frugivores facilitate the spread of, and benefit from, non-native plant species. In contrast, some avian nectarivores and insectivores have evolved mutual isms with specific plants and have been negatively influenced by the spread of competing, non-native plants. We enumerate the characteristics of successful, avian-dispersed fruit displays, and then highlight conditions in the urbanizing landscape that influence avian community structure and the spread of non-native plants. Finally, we discuss how these characteristics should influence management decisions and future research directions. INTRODUCTIONHorticultural introductions bring plants across physical barriers to areas of potentially suitable habitat. Having thus overcome geographical barriers to invasion, horticultural plants need only an effective means of dispersal to become naturalized and possibly invasive (Kruger et at. 1986). Birds play an important role in the dispersal of many non-native horticultural plant species from human-altered environments (White and Stiles 1992). 180Chapter 9 movement of diaspores over large distances, and by a high probability that diaspores will be deposited in microenvironments suitable for germination and survival (Proctor 1968, Howe andSmallwood 1982).Some birds enhance non-native plant dispersion and may, in turn, be affected by the resulting plant community depending on their feeding guild and habitat use. Frugivores and omnivores may benefit widely from and, in some cases, facilitate the spread of non-native plant species.Frugivorous and omnivorous birds are often generalists who prove quite able to incorporate new fruit types into their diet (MacDonald 1986). Relationships between granivorous or nectarivorous birds and plants often evolve more closely; thus, non-native plants that rely on avian dispersal of seeds or pollen appear to be less likely to find suitable dispersers in non-native habitat (Stiles 1989). Similarly, non-native plants that displace native vegetation are more likely to negatively affect granivores and nectarivores than frugivorous birds (Breytenbach 1986). There have been notable exceptions, however, in which non-native horticultural plants with showy flowers have been utilized by nectarivorous birds (Waterhouse 1997).Insectivorous birds also can influence the spread of non-native plants through predation on herbivorous insects, but because their effect is mediated by other organisms, the influences of insectivorous birds on plants is usually not as ecologically salient a...

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“…In transporting seeds to new environments, animal dispersers can influence plant performance by setting the stage for subsequent ecological interactions with competitors, predators, disease agents, and herbivores (e.g., Janzen 1970, Augspurger 1983, Kalisz et al 1999. Although dispersal to new locations can benefit plants in numerous ways, it is less widely recognized that these services may also impose a variety of costs (e.g., Feldman et al 1999). Understanding the net effect of dispersal, and thus its significance as an ecological and evolutionary force, will depend on the extent to which costs of dispersal outweigh the benefits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic Consequences of a Dispersal Mutualism: Seed Burial, Elaiosome Removal, and Seed-Bank Dynamics

Christian

Stanton

2004

Ecology

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Abstract. In moving seeds from one location to another, dispersers define the ecological context that a plant will experience throughout its lifetime. Because seed deposition sites may benefit one plant life cycle stage but not others, dispersal may give rise to a conflict between a plant's dispersal needs (e.g., predator escape) and its requirements for successful establishment (e.g., suitable habitat). In this study, we assessed the effects of two components of seed dispersal by ants (seed burial depth and elaiosome removal) at several stages during the recruitment of Leucospermum truncatulum, an ant-dispersed plant from the fynbos shrublands of South Africa. A seed-predator exclusion experiment revealed that the removal of elaiosomes significantly reduced rodent predation on seeds buried 1 cm deep and increased the viability of seeds that were not consumed. In contrast, we found that elaiosomes had no effect on the probability of a living seed emerging as a seedling. In a seed burial depth experiment in which predators were not excluded, deeper burial significantly enhanced seed survival, but this benefit came at the expense of reduced seedling emergence, delayed emergence, and smaller cotyledon size. Despite the potential importance of these seedling characteristics, elaiosomes and burial depth had no significant effect on seedling survival through the first year of this study. In contrast, burial depth had strong positive effects on the fraction of seeds that persisted in the seed bank. Although dormant individuals may die before germinating and reproducing, those that persist at greater soil depths can play a crucial role in rescuing populations from local extinction in unpredictable environments. Given the extreme variability in fire frequency in fynbos, the net effect of seed dispersal by ants on plant populations will depend on how temporal fluctuations in fire regimes influence cost-benefit thresholds related to seed dormancy and seed mortality.

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Cost of Mutualism: Competition, Tree Morphology, and Pollen Production in Limber Pine Clusters

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

The distribution and incidence of white pine blister rust in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado

The distribution and incidence of white pine blister rust in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado

Interactions among non-native plants and birds

Cryptic Consequences of a Dispersal Mutualism: Seed Burial, Elaiosome Removal, and Seed-Bank Dynamics

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