Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030

Berckmans, Gert Jan; Messagie, Maarten; Smekens, Jelle; Omar, Noshin; Vanhaverbeke, Lieselot; Mierlo, Joeri Van

doi:10.3390/en10091314

Cited by 462 publications

(234 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Among the many rechargeable battery materials, the layered oxide family of LiMeO 2 (Me = Ni, Co, Mn, and their mixtures) has been widely studied. These oxides yield high specific energy and/or power, and structural and thermal stability, as well as long cycling life (Hwang et al, 2003;Hu et al, 2009;Huang et al, 2011;Park et al, 2012;Liao et al, 2016;Berckmans et al, 2017), but they still suffer from poor rate capability, especially at high C-rates (Chen et al, 2016b). Spinel Li(Mn,Ni) 2 O 4 (LMN) is of great interest due to its high working voltage and high energy density, relatively low cost and environmentally benign.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Operando X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopies in Elucidating the Behavior of Cathode in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zhu

Liu²,

Paolella³

et al. 2018

Front. Energy Res.

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With the advances in characterization techniques, various operando/in-situ methods were applied in studying rechargeable batteries in order to improve the electrochemical properties of electrode materials, prolonging the battery life and developing new battery materials. In the present review, we focus on the characterization of electrode materials with operando/in-situ X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopies. By correlating the results obtained via these two techniques in different electrode chemistry: (a) intercalation materials, such as layered metal oxides and (b) conversion materials, such as elemental sulfur. We demonstrate the importance of using operando/in-situ techniques in examining the microstructural changes of the electrodes under various operating conditions, in both macro and micro-scales. These techniques also reveal the working and the degradation mechanisms of the electrodes and the possible side reactions involved. The comprehension of these mechanisms is fundamental for ameliorating the electrode materials, enhancing the battery performance and lengthening its cycling life.Keywords: operando/in-situ XRD, operando/in-situ Raman, lithium-sulfur, layered metal oxide, LiFePO 4 , spinel oxide Frontiers in Energy Research | www.frontiersin.org

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Operando X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopies in Elucidating the Behavior of Cathode in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zhu

Liu²,

Paolella³

et al. 2018

Front. Energy Res.

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“…Further, electric vehicles (EVs) including hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and pure battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are predicted to dominate the vehicle market [4,5]. Understanding the behaviour of the internal degradation mechanisms occurring due to long term cycling of these batteries and their electrodes is critical [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Ageing of High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries—Comprehensive Electrochemical Diffusivity Studies of Harvested Nickel Manganese Cobalt Electrodes

et al. 2018

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This paper examines the impact of the characterisation technique considered for the determination of the Li+ solid state diffusion coefficient in uncycled as in cycled Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC) electrodes. As major characterisation techniques, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were systematically investigated. Li+ diffusion coefficients during the lithiation process of the uncycled and cycled electrodes determined by CV at 3.71 V are shown to be equal to 3.48×10−10 cm2·s−1 and 1.56×10−10 cm2·s−1 , respectively. The dependency of the Li+ diffusion with the lithium content in the electrodes is further studied in this paper with GITT and EIS. Diffusion coefficients calculated by GITT and EIS characterisations are shown to be in the range between 1.76×10−15 cm2·s−1 and 4.06×10−12 cm2·s−1, while demonstrating the same decreasing trend with the lithiation process of the electrodes. For both electrode types, diffusion coefficients calculated by CV show greater values compared to those determined by GITT and EIS. With ageing, CV and EIS techniques lead to diffusion coefficients in the electrodes at 3.71 V that are decreasing, in contrast to GITT for which results indicate increasing diffusion coefficient. After long-term cycling, ratios of the diffusion coefficients determined by GITT compared to CV become more significant with an increase about 1 order of magnitude, while no significant variation is seen between the diffusion coefficients calculated from EIS in comparison to CV.

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“…Nykvist and Nilsson [45] assume that the targeted price could be reached in 2025. Berckmans et al [46] consider battery prices of 100 USD per kWh possible for silicon-based batteries by then. Achieving this milestone could then really ignite the transition towards electrification.…”

Section: Electrification Of the Car Fleetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathways to Decarbonise the European Car Fleet: A Scenario Analysis Using the Backcasting Approach

2017

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This paper analyses decarbonisation scenarios for the European passenger car fleet in 2050. The scenarios have been developed using the backcasting approach and aim to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of passenger cars to a level defined in the Transport White paper that is 60% below 1990 levels. Considering the emission levels of 2010, a yearly reduction of 1.7% is required in order to achieve the target. Car emissions were decomposed into the main emission factors of mobility, efficiency and carbon intensity. How these factors change over time depends on various external factors: the pace of technological improvements, the future role of cars in society's mobility system and the priority given to decarbonising energy demand. The analysis showed that if car mobility and ownership continue to increase as expected in a 'business as usual' case, a share of 97% plug-in hybrid or battery electric vehicles might be required by 2050, together with a substantial decrease in greenhouse gas emission from electricity production. A transition to more advanced car technology such as automated driving, advanced batteries or lightweight materials in vehicle production would raise vehicle efficiency. Should car mobility continue at a high level, an early technology transition will be required.

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Cost Projection of State of the Art Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles Up to 2030

Cited by 462 publications

References 41 publications

Application of Operando X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopies in Elucidating the Behavior of Cathode in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Application of Operando X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopies in Elucidating the Behavior of Cathode in Lithium-Ion Batteries

On the Ageing of High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries—Comprehensive Electrochemical Diffusivity Studies of Harvested Nickel Manganese Cobalt Electrodes

Pathways to Decarbonise the European Car Fleet: A Scenario Analysis Using the Backcasting Approach

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