Costs and benefits of renewables portfolio standards in the United States

Barbose, Galen; Bird, Lori; Heeter, Jenny; Flores-Espino, Francisco; Wiser, Ryan

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.175

Cited by 72 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…23 suggested that the use of fossil fuels should be reduced, and renewable fuels should be deployed as replacement for fossil fuels for environmental and social benefits. 23,24 Many alternative energy resources for fossil fuels are available worldwide. Fuels are employed to produce heat, mechanical work, and power generation for subsequent use in people's daily lives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential use of natural rubber to produce liquid fuels using hydrous pyrolysis – a review

2016

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Natural rubber is a tropical plantation crop that mainly consists of hydrocarbon polyisoprene (cis-1,4-polyisoprene). Rubber can be converted through depolymerization into liquid, which can be used as fuels or chemical feedstock. This paper provides information on natural rubber and its alternative sources worldwide. Although we focus on hydrous pyrolysis, we also introduced various depolymerization processes, including pyrolysis, gasification, chemical degradation, catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Hydrous pyrolysis improves the depolymerization process, such that raw materials can be fed without requiring a drying process. This process can also be conducted at low temperatures, and water can be solely used as reaction medium and can be easily separated from the oil product. This paper also reviews the role of process parameters such as temperature, rubber to water ratio, reaction time, and type of gases on product quality and quantity. Moreover, this study highlights the environmental and economic feasibility of hydrous pyrolysis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential use of natural rubber to produce liquid fuels using hydrous pyrolysis – a review

2016

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“…The minimization of losses was done via an iterative process to minimize the objective function in Eqn. (3). This reaction zone thickness that minimizes the sum of losses is then used to calculate the ohmic potential drop and charge transfer overpotential.…”

Section: Bottom-up Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Renewable generation, comprising hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass, contributed to 23% of global electricity generation by the end of year 2013 at greater than 5000 TW h, and power capacity of slightly less than 1600 GW [1] with hydropower generation comprising 17% [2]. Renewable portfolio standard policies in the USA are implemented by 29 states, with renewable electricity generation mandates of 15 to 50% by the years 2020 to 2030 [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of chemistry agnostic flow battery cost performance model and application to nonaqueous electrolyte systems

Crawford

Thomsen

Reed

et al. 2016

Int. J. Energy Res.

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Summary A chemistry agnostic cost performance model is described for a nonaqueous flow battery. The model predicts flow battery performance by estimating the active reaction zone thickness at each electrode as a function of current density, state of charge, and flow rate using measured data for electrode kinetics, electrolyte conductivity, and electrode‐specific surface area. Validation of the model is conducted using a 4 kW stack data at various current densities and flow rates. This model is used to estimate the performance of a nonaqueous flow battery with electrode and electrolyte properties used from the literature. The optimized cost for this system is estimated for various power and energy levels using component costs provided by vendors. The model allows optimization of design parameters such as electrode thickness, area, flow path design, and operating parameters such as power density, flow rate, and operating SOC range for various application duty cycles. A parametric analysis is done to identify components and electrode/electrolyte properties with the highest impact on system cost for various application durations. A pathway to 100$ kW h−1 for the storage system is identified. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…They have been one of the policy drivers for RE growth in the United States, along with federal tax incentives and other forms of state-level support (Leon 2015). Collectively, 58% of all non-hydroelectric RE capacity built in the United States from 1998 through 2014 is being used to meet RPS requirements (Barbose 2015). In aggregate, existing state RPS policies require that by 2025, at which point most RPS requirements will have reached their maximum percentage targets, at least 8% of total U.S. generation supply will be met with RPS-eligible forms of renewable electricity, equivalent to roughly 106 gigawatts (GW) of renewable generation capacity (Wiser and Bolinger 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective Analysis of the Benefits and Impacts of U.S. Renewable Portfolio Standards

Wiser

Barbose

Heeter

et al. 2016

Self Cite

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PREFACEThis is one report in a series that explores the costs, benefits, and other impacts of state renewable portfolio standards (RPS), both retrospectively and prospectively. The terminology applied in this series does not align precisely with the traditional concepts of costs and benefits, but rather is a function of how RPS programs have often been evaluated in practice. In particular, this analysis series evaluates RPS programs in terms of the following:• RPS compliance costs represent the incremental cost of meeting RPS compliance obligations, from the perspective of the utility or other load-serving entity, compared to the costs that would have been borne in the absence of the RPS. RPS compliance costs may be negative, if the renewable electricity used for RPS compliance is less expensive to the utility than the alternatives.• Benefits, as analyzed in this report series, consist specifically of environmental benefits that accrue to society at large, rather than to individual utilities. In theory, such benefits may be negative, representing net environmental costs, if the renewable electricity used for RPS compliance leads to more harmful environmental impacts than it avoids.• Other impacts, in the form of resource transfers from one market participant or segment to another, are also evaluated. These other impacts may also entail net costs or benefits to society at large, but our analyses focus only on the gross impacts, not the net cost or benefit. This report, the second in the series, analyzes historical benefits and impacts of all state RPS policies, in aggregate, employing a consistent and well-vetted set of methods and data sets. The analysis focuses on three specific benefits: greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and water use. It also analyzes three other impacts: gross job additions, wholesale electricity market price suppression, and natural gas price suppression. These are an important subset, but by no means a comprehensive set, of all possible effects associated with RPS policies. These benefits and impacts are also subject to many uncertainties, which are described and, to the extent possible, quantified within the report.The present report is intended to help policymakers, RPS administrators, and other decision-makers gauge the potential significance of a number of key benefits and impacts from state RPS programs. By noting limitations, caveats, and uncertainties in these results, the report also seeks to highlight important methodological considerations to evaluating RPS benefits and impacts. This report does not, however, provide a complete picture, and comparable information on both the costs and benefits, as well as other impacts, are ultimately needed to inform decision-making. To that end, a third report in this series is planned for the coming year to evaluate the future costs, benefits, and other impacts of state RPS policies, under both current policies and possible revisions. A prior study ) and subsequent update in this report series found that RPS compliance costs over the 2...

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Costs and benefits of renewables portfolio standards in the United States

Cited by 72 publications

References 16 publications

Potential use of natural rubber to produce liquid fuels using hydrous pyrolysis – a review

Potential use of natural rubber to produce liquid fuels using hydrous pyrolysis – a review

Development and validation of chemistry agnostic flow battery cost performance model and application to nonaqueous electrolyte systems

Retrospective Analysis of the Benefits and Impacts of U.S. Renewable Portfolio Standards

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