Costs in searching for two targets: dividing search across target types could improve airport security screening

Menneer, Tamaryn; Barrett, Doug J. K.; Phillips, Luke; Donnelly, Nick; Cave, Kyle R.

doi:10.1002/acp.1305

Cited by 98 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In contrast, participants would be faster and more accurate with a preferred target in dual-target search (Menneer et al, 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In the visual search for objects and features, searching for more than one target often leads to an effect labelled the dual-target cost (e.g., Menneer et al, 2007). The dual-target cost is found for simple as well as more complex stimuli and persists even after practice (Menneer, Cave, & Donnelly, 2009).…”

Section: Dual-target Cost In Visual Search For Multiple Unfamiliar Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Search for dissimilar and unfamiliar shape targets results in one target being shed; i.e., participants give up searching for a non-preferred target (Menneer et al, 2007). Menneer et al (2007) reasoned that target shedding is a consequence of a profound limitation in our visual working memory capacity for complex visual objects (Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2004). Faces are complex objects and evidence suggests that visual search slopes are shallower for colour than for faces, indicating that the extra information load for faces limits working memory capacity (Eng, Chen & Jiang, 2005).…”

Section: Dual-target Cost In Visual Search For Multiple Unfamiliar Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dual-target Cost In Visual Search For Multiple Unfamiliar Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of models of visual search have been based on data from relatively simple variants of search tasks: for example, requiring participants to search for a single, simple target amongst a set of simple distractors (e.g., coloured shapes: Treisman & Gelade, 1980). Recent research, inspired by real-world search tasks such as airport baggage screening, has found that search performance declines when participants are faced with searching for multiple targets at once (e.g., Menneer, Barrett, Phillips, Donnelly & Cave, 2007). This cost emerges when searching for two targets, either of which can appear (disjunctive dual-target search).…”

Section: Dual-target Cost In Visual Search For Multiple Unfamiliar Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual-target cost in visual search for multiple unfamiliar faces.

Mestry

Menneer

Cave

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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The efficiency of visual search for one (single-target) and either of two (dual-target) unfamiliar faces was explored to understand the manifestations of capacity and guidance limitations in face search. The visual similarity of distractor faces to target faces was manipulated using morphing (Experiments 1 and 2) and multidimensional scaling (Experiment 3). A dual-target cost was found in all experiments, evidenced by slower and less accurate search in dual- than single-target conditions. The dual-target cost was unequal across the targets, with performance being maintained on one target and reduced on the other, which we label “preferred” and “non-preferred” respectively. We calculated the capacity for each target face and show reduced capacity for representing the non-preferred target face. However, results show that the capacity for the non-preferred target can be increased when the dual-target condition is conducted after participants complete the single-target conditions. Analyses of eye movements revealed evidence for weak guidance of fixations in single-target search, and when searching for the preferred target in dual-target search. Overall, the experiments show dual-target search for faces is capacity- and guidance-limited, leading to superior search for 1 face over the other in dual-target search. However, learning faces individually may improve capacity with the second face.

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“…In contrast, participants would be faster and more accurate with a preferred target in dual-target search (Menneer et al, 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Dual-target Cost In Visual Search For Multiple Unfamiliar Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dual-target Cost In Visual Search For Multiple Unfamiliar Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dual-target Cost In Visual Search For Multiple Unfamiliar Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dual-target Cost In Visual Search For Multiple Unfamiliar Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Dual-target cost in visual search for multiple unfamiliar faces.

Mestry

Menneer

Cave

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Eye movements reveal distinct search and reasoning processes in comprehension of complex graphs

Körner

2011

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Hierarchical graphs (e.g. file system browsers, family trees) represent objects (e.g. files, folders) as graph nodes, and relations (subfolder relations) between them as lines. In three experiments, participants viewed such graphs and carried out tasks that either required search for two target nodes (Experiment 1A), reasoning about their relation (Experiment 1B), or both (Experiment 2). We recorded eye movements and used the number of fixations in different phases to identify distinct stages of comprehension. Search in graphs proceeded like search in standard visual search tasks and was mostly unaffected by graph properties. Reasoning occurred typically in a separate stage at the end of comprehension and was affected by intersecting graph lines. The alignment of nodes, together with linguistic factors, may also affect comprehension. Overall, there was good evidence to suggest that participants read graphs in a sequential manner, and that this is an economical approach of comprehension.

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Search for multiple targets of different colours: Misguided eye movements reveal a reduction of colour selectivity

Stroud

Menneer

Cave

et al. 2011

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Searching for two targets simultaneously is often less efficient than conducting two separate searches. Eye movements were tracked to understand this dual-target cost. Findings are discussed in the context of security screening. In both single-target and dual-target search, displays contained one target at most. Stimuli were abstract shapes modelled after guns and other threat items. With these targets and distractors, colour information helped more in guiding search than shape information. When the two targets had different colours, distractors with colours different from either target were fixated more often in dual-target search than in single-target searches. Thus a dual-target cost arose from a reduction in colour selectivity, reflecting limitations in the ability to represent two target features simultaneously and use them to guide search. Because of these limitations, performance in security searches may improve if each image is searched by two screeners, each specializing in a different category of threat item.

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Costs in searching for two targets: dividing search across target types could improve airport security screening

Cited by 98 publications

References 20 publications

Dual-target cost in visual search for multiple unfamiliar faces.

Dual-target cost in visual search for multiple unfamiliar faces.

Eye movements reveal distinct search and reasoning processes in comprehension of complex graphs

Search for multiple targets of different colours: Misguided eye movements reveal a reduction of colour selectivity

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