Costs of attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000

Birnbaum, Howard G.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Lowe, Sarah W.; Secnik, Kristina; Greenberg, Paul E.; Leong, Stephanie A.; Swensen, Andrine R.

doi:10.1185/030079904x20303

Cited by 205 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…ADHD is associated with broad impairment in many Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) parameters, including academic performance, behaviour at school, peer relations and family function [5]. Studies have indicated that, compared to their peers without ADHD, young people with ADHD also exhibit higher levels of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety disorder and depression, and with somatic conditions as asthma [2]. Furthermore, they have an increased risk of accidents and severe injury [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have indicated that, compared to their peers without ADHD, young people with ADHD also exhibit higher levels of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anxiety disorder and depression, and with somatic conditions as asthma [2]. Furthermore, they have an increased risk of accidents and severe injury [2]. ADHD may also affect the health and ability to work of family members [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, they have an increased risk of accidents and severe injury [2]. ADHD may also affect the health and ability to work of family members [2]. The coexisting psychiatric conditions may add to the impairment associated with ADHD, as well as to the disorder's economic burden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Roijen

Zwirs

Bouwmans

et al. 2007

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

112

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j Abstract Background The impact of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in the Netherlands on health care utilisation, costs and quality of life of these children, as well as of their parents is unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the direct medical costs of patients suffering from ADHD and their quality of life as well as the direct medical costs of their mothers. Study design We selected a group of 70 children who were being treated by a paediatrician for ADHD based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD. For comparison's sake, we also included a non-matched group of 35 children with behaviour problems and 60 children with no behaviour problem from a large school population-based study on the detection of ADHD. We collected information on the health care utilisation of the children applying the Trimbos and iMTA questionnaire on Costs associated with Psychiatric illness' (TiC-P). Their health related quality of life was collected by using the Dutch 50-item parent version of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ PF-50). Measurements were at baseline and at 6 months. Subsequently, we collected data on the health utilisation of the mothers and their production losses due to absence from work and reduced efficiency. Results The mean direct medical costs per ADHD patient per year were e2040 or e1173 when leaving out one patient with a long-term hospital admission, compared to e288 for the group of children with behaviour problems and e177 for the group of children with no behaviour problems. The direct medical costs for children who had psychiatric co-morbidities were significantly higher compared to children with ADHD alone. The mean medical costs per year for the mothers of the ADHD patients were significantly higher than for the mothers of the children with behaviour problems and the mothers of children with no behaviour problems respectively e728, e202 and e154. The physical summary score showed no significant differences between the groups. However, the score on the Psychosocial Summary Score dimension was significantly lower for ADHD patients compared to the scores of the children in the two other samples. The mean annual indirect costs due to absence from work and reduced efficiency at work were e2243 for the mothers of the ADHD patients compared to e408 for the mothers

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Roijen

Zwirs

Bouwmans

et al. 2007

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

112

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“…1 The estimated burden of ADHD in the United States was $31.6 billion in 2000, and 45% of that burden was attributable to excess health carec osts of family members of patients with ADHD. 11 Compared with am atched cohort, ADHD patients had almost 3t imes greater annual health carec osts, and family members had approximately 1.9 times higher annual health caree xpenditures compared with am atched cohort of family members of non-ADHD patients. 12 ADHD in adults is amenable to treatment and is best controlled by ac ombination of medications and psychosocial interventions.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Care Costs of Adults Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Who Received Alternative Drug Therapies

Wu¹,

Birnbaum²,

Zhang³

et al. 2007

JMCP

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“…38 Providing oxygen to children with bronchiolitis, stimulants to students with attention or hyperactivity problems, and phototherapy to infants with elevated bilirubin values are unlikely to be included in waste estimates, despite the fact that in some cases these interventions are not beneficial. The annual US health care costs for each of these conditions are $543 million, 39 $1.6 billion, 40 and $150 million, 20 respectively.…”

Section: Financial Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overdiagnosis: How Our Compulsion for Diagnosis May Be Harming Children

et al. 2014

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Overdiagnosis occurs when a true abnormality is discovered, but detection of that abnormality does not benefit the patient. It should be distinguished from misdiagnosis, in which the diagnosis is inaccurate, and it is not synonymous with overtreatment or overuse, in which excess medication or procedures are provided to patients for both correct and incorrect diagnoses. Overdiagnosis for adult conditions has gained a great deal of recognition over the last few years, led by realizations that certain screening initiatives, such as those for breast and prostate cancer, may be harming the very people they were designed to protect. In the fall of 2014, the second international Preventing Overdiagnosis Conference will be held, and the British Medical Journal will produce an overdiagnosis-themed journal issue. However, overdiagnosis in children has been less well described. This special article seeks to raise awareness of the possibility of overdiagnosis in pediatrics, suggesting that overdiagnosis may affect commonly diagnosed conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bacteremia, food allergy, hyperbilirubinemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and urinary tract infection. Through these and other examples, we discuss why overdiagnosis occurs and how it may be harming children. Additionally, we consider research and education strategies, with the goal to better elucidate pediatric overdiagnosis and mitigate its influence.

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Costs of attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000

Cited by 205 publications

References 35 publications

Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Health Care Costs of Adults Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Who Received Alternative Drug Therapies

Overdiagnosis: How Our Compulsion for Diagnosis May Be Harming Children

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