Costs related to drowning and near drowning in northern Iran (Guilan province)

Davoudi-Kiakalayeh, Ali; Dalal, Koustuv; Yousefzade-Chabok, Shahrokh; Jansson, Bjarne; Mohammadi, Reza

doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.12.004

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with the falls in the rate of drowning found in high-income countries [15]. A previous study found that the Caspian Sea Liefguard Service, supported by the government, accounted for more than 90% of the medical costs of drowning, where the drowning cost per person was over 17 times the country's gross domestic product per capital [16]. It is suggested that interventions to drowning prevention have been highly cost-effective during the study period.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Inadequate budgets limit evaluation design and activities, but the most significant limitation here lies in a lack of comparison data [16], constraining conclusions about associations between the programme and the changes observed on the impact and outcome measures. Because of defects in estimating the tourist population, the rate of drowning was not calculated for this group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a community-based drowning prevention programme in northern Islamic Republic of Iran

Davoudi-Kiakalayeh¹,

Mohammadi²,

Yousefzade-Chabok³

et al. 2013

East Mediterr Health J

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This study evaluated the feasibility of a drowning intervention package in northern Islamic Republic of Iran. A quasi-experimental design used pre-and post-observations among residents and tourists in waterrecreation beach areas of intervention and control regions by the Caspian Sea and in residents near the Caspian Sea coastline. The fatal drowning rate in the studied resident population in the provinces fell from 4.24 per 100 000 residents at baseline to 3.04 per 100 000 residents at endline. The risk of death from drowning in the intervention areas in the water-recreation area was greater during the pre-intervention (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.66-2.01) than the implementation period (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.15-0.37). The risk of drowning can be reduced by implementing increased supervision and raising community awareness.1 Division of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Correspondence to A. Davoudikiakalayeh: davoudikiakalayeh@gmail.com RÉSUMÉ La présente étude a évalué la faisabilité d'un programme d'intervention contre la noyade dans le nord de la République islamique d'Iran. Un plan quasi-expérimental a été utilisé à partir des observations réalisées avant et après l'intervention auprès de résidents et de touristes dans des zones de plages pour les loisirs aquatiques et des régions témoins près de la mer Caspienne ainsi qu'auprès de résidents à proximité du littoral de la mer Caspienne. Le pourcentage de noyades mortelles au sein de la population résidente étudiée dans les provinces est passé de 4,24 pour 100 000 résidents au début de l'étude à 3,04 pour 100 000 résidents à la fin de l'étude. Le risque de décès par noyade dans les zones d'intervention de loisirs aquatiques était plus élevé avant l'intervention (OR = 1,15, IC 95 % : 0,66-2,01) que pendant la mise en oeuvre (OR = 0,24, IC 95 % : 0,15-0,37). Le risque de noyade peut être réduit en renforçant la surveillance et en faisant de la sensibilisation auprès de la communauté.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a community-based drowning prevention programme in northern Islamic Republic of Iran

Davoudi-Kiakalayeh¹,

Mohammadi²,

Yousefzade-Chabok³

et al. 2013

East Mediterr Health J

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“…A study of non-fatal drowning among children 0–14 years of age in Saudi Arabia identified 40% of cases were of girls [ 32 ]. Among the all-age population, a study from northern Iran highlighted females accounted for 20.2% of all non-fatal drownings from 2007 to 2008 [ 42 ]. A study from Pakistan reported similar findings, with females accounting for 27.9% of all emergency department (ED) presentations for non-fatal drowning [ 69 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drowning in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a systematic literature review of the epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention

Peden

Işın

2022

BMC Public Health

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Introduction Globally, drowning is a significant cause of preventable mortality and morbidity. The Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) comprises 22 countries of extreme disparity in income and is a region impacted by conflict and migration. We systematically review literature published on drowning in the EMR. Methods Peer-reviewed literature (limited to original research) was identified using Embase, PubMed, Scopus, SportsDiscus, and Web of Science databases. Literature was independently dual screened at title/abstract and full text stages with dual data extraction (20% of included studies). Studies were included if they reported epidemiology, risk/protective factors and/or prevention strategies for drowning (unintentional and intentional; fatal and non-fatal) of residents, tourists or migrants in the EMR. Literature was assessed against the [Australian] National Health and Medical Research Council’s Levels of Evidence. Results Seventy-two studies were included in this review (epidemiology 68 studies; risk/protective factor 13 studies; prevention strategies 19 studies). Iran (n = 27), Saudia Arabia (n = 11) and Pakistan (n = 10) recorded the largest number of dedicated studies. Studies predominately focused on unintentional drowning. Ninety-two percent of included studies (n = 66) were ranked as being low evidence (level IV). The majority of studies explored drowning among children and adolescents (0–19 years). All-age fatal drowning rates varied from a low of 0.48 per 100,000 (United Arab Emirates; 2002; Ministry of Health death registry data) to a high of 18.5 per 100,000 (Egypt; 2014–15; WHO mortality database). Commonly identified risk factors included being male, young age, submersion time and resident status. Common prevention strategies public education, lifeguard supervision, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Discussion Gaps in understanding of drowning burden in some countries within the region, as well as region-wide risk factor identification for adult drowning, intentional and migration-related drowning, impair the ability of nations to advance drowning prevention. There is a need for investment in implementation and evaluation of drowning prevention interventions in the EMR. Conclusion Drowning is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the EMR. The recent UN declaration on global drowning prevention may provide the impetus to invest in drowning prevention research, policy, and advocacy with the aim of reducing drowning-related harms in the EMR. Trial registration Registration number: #CRD42021271215.

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“…Injury as a whole consumes a significant amount of resources. In the low and lower middle income countries injury treatments consume a very high proportion of individual resources mainly due to out-of pocket payment and societal resources [7] [16] [21] [22]. Additionally, there is a large gap between low and lower middle income countries and high income countries in the burden of injury, injury health care and related insurance systems affecting the poor more [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Burden of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of Injuries

Dalal¹,

Svanström²

2015

Health

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Economic burdens of injuries at the country level are unknown. In the current study we tried to explore the economic burden of DALYs loss due to injuries at the country level, then distributed according to the World Bank's income groups. Methods: Data from the World Bank and the World Health Organization websites were used. Disability adjusted life year (DALY) and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were used to estimate the economic loss for RTIs. Estimates of economic burdens were presented in tables and figures. Results: The total economic loss of the world during 2004 by means of DALYs due to injuries was 613. 144 billion USD, corresponding value of 848.205 billion USD in 2014. DALYs burden of injuries were concentrated (almost 75%) among low and lower middle income countries. Economic burdens of injuries were concentrated (over 80%) among higher middle and high income countries. Iraq had lost almost one-fifth of its GDP due to injuries. The USA had the highest amount of economic loss for injuries (169.136 billion USD) among all countries. Conclusion: Injuries are highly expensive and they account for heavy losses to GDP. Injury prevention should be prioritized in order to save such losses to life and economies.

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Costs related to drowning and near drowning in northern Iran (Guilan province)

Cited by 13 publications

References 70 publications

Evaluation of a community-based drowning prevention programme in northern Islamic Republic of Iran

Evaluation of a community-based drowning prevention programme in northern Islamic Republic of Iran

Drowning in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a systematic literature review of the epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention

Economic Burden of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of Injuries

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