Cotinine analytical workshop report: consideration of analytical methods for determining cotinine in human body fluids as a measure of passive exposure to tobacco smoke.

Watts, Randall R; Langone, John J.; Knight, George J.; Lewtas, Joellen

doi:10.1289/ehp.9084173

Cited by 54 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Among adult nonsmokers exposed to ETS, the half-life of cotinine ranges 1-2 days (7-40 h), and is somewhat longer among children, ranging 32-82 h, and even up to 160 h in neonates [6,56,57]. Cotinine can be measured in plasma, urine and saliva, and the choice of the optimal body fluid is still a controversial question [5,58]. Cotinine can be quantified with a double antibody radioimmunoassay [56], with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [59] or with gas chromatography [58,[60][61][62].…”

Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

Jaakkola¹,

Jaakkola²

1997

Eur Respir J

237

221

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Since the early 1980s, there has been growing concern about potential adverse health effects related to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Evidence has accumulated on ill-health associated with ETS, and such exposure has now been documented among children and adults in many countries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. A major difficulty in studying the ill-health effects of ETS has been assessing exposure, since this may occur in multiple settings with highly variable concentrations and exposure profiles may vary considerably during different age periods. Accurate and precise exposure assessment is crucial, since health effects of ETS are likely to be relatively small in magnitude. Appropriate exposure assessment is also needed for inferring causality and for risk assessment. In addition, exposure assessment is obviously necessary for development of preventive strategies.The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical framework for assessment of exposure to ETS, and to review current methods of exposure assessment in order to provide guidelines for choice of appropriate methods for different types of study. General definitions and concepts of exposure and its assessment will be presented, followed by definitions and components of ETS. The principles for assessment of ETS exposure will then be presented. Current methods of assessment will be reviewed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, followed by a very brief summary of the ill-health effects of ETS. This allows the criteria for selection of the appropriate method of assessing ETS exposure to be set in context, and to be formulated as user guidelines. Definitions of concentration, exposure and dose ConcentrationConcentration is the amount of a contaminant at a particular location in a particular medium [9]. For example, for an air pollutant it is the amount of the material contained in a specified volume of air. Air pollutant concentrations are usually expressed as mass per unit volume, e.g. µg·m -3 , and gaseous pollutants may also be expressed as a mixing ratio with air, e.g. parts per million (ppm) by volume. Air pollutant concentrations vary in time and space. ExposureExposure is defined as the contact of pollutant with a susceptible surface of the human body [9][10][11]. For ETS, this means contact with the eyes, the epithelium of the nose, mouth and throat, and the lining of the airways and alveoli. With respect to time, there are a number of possible formulations, including instantaneous exposure, peak exposure, average exposure over a specified time period, and cumulative exposure [11]. The best approach to assess ETS exposure will depend on the aim of the study, the health outcome, and the resources. Personal monitoring of nicotine or RSPs is the best method in studies of short-term health effects with small study samples. Stationary measurements of indoor air nicotine or RSPs are suitable for overall monitoring of ETS in different microenvironments over time. Questionnaires and interviews are suitable when studying health outcomes ...

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Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

Jaakkola¹,

Jaakkola²

1997

Eur Respir J

237

221

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“…Nicotine, one of the most important components of tobacco, has a plasma life of approximately 30 min (Machacek and Jiang, 1986) and it is quickly converted to its metabolite, cotinine. The latter has been used as a biomarker of tobacco use (Cuff et al, 1989;Watts et al, 1990) and its plasma half-life is longer than that of nicotine, ranging from 10-30 h (Benowitz et al, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Serum Cotinine Levels and Periodontal Status

Al-Bayaty

Baharuddin

Abdulla

2010

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

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Problem statement:Smoking plays a significant role in the development of periodontal disease. Quantitative relation between smoking and increased severity of periodontal disease, by means of biochemical marker has not been described in Malaysian population. The present study was designed to apply serum cotinine measurement as a quantitative method to evaluate smoking levels in Malaysian patients and to correlate these levels with the severity of periodontal disease. Approach: The study group consisted of 80 healthy individuals (20-64) year, Current Smokers 26, Non Smokers 27 and Former Smokers 27. The subjects were then asked to complete a questionnaire including the demographic, socioeconomic status, medical history and history of cigarette smoking. The periodontal variables recorded were amount of Visible Plaque score, gingival bleeding Index and community periodontal index. Samples of blood "10 mL" were obtained in vacutainer tubes containing EDTA for quantitative analysis of serum levels of cotinine. The serum samples were analyzed for cotinine content by means of a competitive-inhibition ELISA technique. Results: Current smokers represent the highest mean cotinine serum level, 95.5 ng mL −1 , compared to former smokers, 35.5 ng mL −1 and non smokers, 22.9 ng mL −1 . The mean serum cotinine level in periodontally healthy patient showed the highest cotinine level (84 ng mL −1 ) followed by the gingivitis patients (68 ng mL −1 ) and (50 ng mL −1 ) for periodontitis patients. Conclusion: The present observations clearly indicate an association between smoking, periodontal disease clinical parameters "plaque, gingival bleeding scores" and cotinine serum levels in current smokers. Cotinine serum levels doesn't affected by the existence or the severity of periodontal disease.

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“…Thus, his team proposed GC with nitrogen/phosphorus thermionic detection (GC-NPD) technique for chemical analysis and quantification of cotinine. This declaration was then confirmed by Watts and his fellow scientists in 1990, when they observed that there were no cross reactions that occurred, because the elements (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the cotinine molecule was itself used for detection (Matsumoto et al, 2010;Zuccaro et al, 1997;Watts et al, 1990). However, all the above mentioned methods are generally time consuming because sample extraction is done manually and they are expensive since they require trained expertise and costly reagents for equipment maintenance.…”

Section: Salivary Cotinine Detectionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Initially, in the early 1980s RIA techniques were used to detect serum cotinine, but this technique has a 0.3% chance of cross reactivity with other tobacco metabolites producing inaccurate results (Watts et al, 1990;Langone& Van Vunakis, 1987;LangoneGjika& Van Vunakis, 1973). Hence, in 1989 Jacob and his team designed an improved gas chromatographic method for quantification of cotinine.…”

Section: Serum Cotinine Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in 1997, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 111) stated that LC-MS-MS techniques are more suited for analyzing low cotinine concentrations when compared to GC-MS techniques. Since, serum cotinine levels below ≥10µg/L will not be detected using capillary GC-MS (Bernetet al, 1997;Watts et al, 1990;Davis, 1986). Therefore, that year Bernet and his team designed a HPLC technique coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (API MS-MS).…”

Section: Serum Cotinine Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Cotinine in Passive Smokers Exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Ameer¹,

Kandiah²

2017

International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechnology

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Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the main cause of second hand smoking (SHS) induced disease conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, vascular cancer and other types of cancers. It was estimated by the Health and Social Care Information Center (HSCIC) in UK that in the year 2016, 16 million people worldwide between the ages of 16 -35 years died of smoking related diseases. Hence, different analytical techniques based on mass spectrometry (MS) and chromatography were developed, to detect the presence of tobacco metabolites in body fluids. These tobacco biomarkers in different body fluids could be used to correlate the level of ETS exposure. Among all the tobacco metabolites, cotinine was studied to be the most reliable biomarker, since it does not get affected by other environmental factors and it has along half-life f 17 hours. Therefore, by studying the levels of SHS, smoking cessation programs in public places like schools, parks and public transports could be reinforced in order to protect the innocent lives who are being exposed to tobacco smoke. This review mainly focuses on the detection of cotinine in saliva, serum, urine and hair. In conclusion, it was evident that cotinine detection in hair was the most reliable biological matrix to detect ETS exposure in passive smokers.

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Cotinine analytical workshop report: consideration of analytical methods for determining cotinine in human body fluids as a measure of passive exposure to tobacco smoke.

Cited by 54 publications

References 33 publications

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

The Relationship between Serum Cotinine Levels and Periodontal Status

Detection of Cotinine in Passive Smokers Exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

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