Counseling Adult Women Rape Survivors:

The impact of sociocultural contexts on mental health following sexual violence: A conceptual model.

“…These conditions may lead survivors to have less access to stable housing, medical and psychological treatment, transportation, and food, which could increase their daily stress. Existing services in these areas might be lower in quality, and survivors in these settings may, by necessity, be more preoccupied with meeting their basic daily needs (e.g., caring for children without childcare, working multiple jobs) than accessing the such services (Holzman, 1996). Survivors in economically stressed areas may be at increased risk of further sexual violence or may be repeatedly exposed to community violence or sexual violence against others in their community (Abbey, Jacques-Tiura, & Parkhill, 2009; Jenkins, 2002).…”

Asian American Women Sexual Assault Survivors’ Choice of Coping Strategies: The Role of Post-Assault Cognitive Responses

“…Age, income, and education level were entered as control variables in the first block, and self-blame attribution and perceived control over recovery were entered into the second block as predictors. Age, income, and education level are controlled in this study because of their associations with coping and cognitive reactions from the preliminary analyses, as well as past research findings on age differences in sexual assault survivors’ coping (e.g., Ullman et al, 2007) and self-blame attributions (e.g., Littleton, Magee, & Axsom, 2007), the role of socioeconomic status in coping (e.g., Abbey, Jacques-Tiura, & Parkhill, 2010; Holzman, 1996; McNair & Neville, 1996), and the link between less education and greater PTSD symptom severity for sexual assault survivors (e.g., Ullman & Filipas, 2001). Sexual orientation was not controlled in this study because there were no significant differences in all measured variables between women who identified as lesbian/bisexual/mostly lesbian and those who identified as heterosexual/mostly heterosexual.…”

“…Fear of losing economic or social support, especially if their husbands or fathers are the sole providers (Abbey et al, 2010), may be salient concerns, leading to lower sense of control over their recovery process. This may be particularly relevant to AA women who are recent immigrants, refugees, or not English proficient, who often have few economic resources and additional barriers to seeking support for recovery (Cheng, Tu, Li, Chang, & Yang, 2015; Holzman, 1996; Okazaki, 2002).…”

“…Holzman (1996) argued that issues of power, dominance, and oppression based on race, ethnicity, and class must be a part of the conceptualization and treatment of sexual assault. Thus, to guide survivors through the recovery process, clinicians must try to understand the meaning and consequences of their sexual assault victimization experiences in the specific sociocultural context of the survivor’s community.…”

Alcohol and Dating Risk Factors for Sexual Assault

“…It is still the case that most sexual assault research is conducted with college students and that much more research is needed with women of color, immigrants, low income women, women with physical and mental disabilities, and lesbian and bisexual women (for some notable exceptions, see Hazen & Soriano, 2007;Hicks, 2006;Long, Ullman, Starzynski, Long, & Mason, 2007;Morris & Balsam, 2003;Tyler, Whitbeck, Hoyt, & Cauce, 2004;Wenzel, Tucker, Hambarsoomians, & Elliott, 2006;Wyatt, 1992;Young, Nosek, Howland, Chanpong, & Rintala, 1997;Yuan, Koss, Polacca, & Goldman, 2006). Researchers and practitioners who want to work with diverse groups of sexual assault survivors need to better understand relevant cultural norms about gender roles and help-seeking in order to avoid making inappropriate assumptions that make their clients' recovery more difficult (for reviews, see Abbey, Jacques-Tiura, & Parkhill, 2010;Holzman, 1996).…”