Counter electrodes for perovskite solar cells: materials, interfaces and device stability

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show great promises in scalable application owing to the advantages of high conversion efficiency and solution processable fabrication. However, the material cost and device stability greatly...

Circular economy for perovskite solar cells – drivers, progress and challenges

“…For these reasons, alternative abundant metals such as Al and Cu, or carbon-based materials may be the most sustainable options. 117,185,202 Copper and aluminium foil are suitable substrates for R2R production of inverted PSCs. 203,204 Cu in particular is known for good corrosion resistance in different environmental conditions and may be particularly promising for inverted PSC applications in which Cu has been shown to have a relatively stable interface with perovskite exhibiting little migration of Cu into the perovskite, slow chemical reaction between the two layers, and effective blocking of moisture penetration into the perovskite.…”

“…203,204 Cu in particular is known for good corrosion resistance in different environmental conditions and may be particularly promising for inverted PSC applications in which Cu has been shown to have a relatively stable interface with perovskite exhibiting little migration of Cu into the perovskite, slow chemical reaction between the two layers, and effective blocking of moisture penetration into the perovskite. 202 Cr–Cu alloy electrodes have been used in high efficiency cells (23.4% PCE), 205 and Cu has been used as an interelectrode in high efficiency (>26% PCE) four terminal perovskite/perovskite tandem cells. 206 When inverted cell architecture is undesirable, carbon may be the front runner to replace noble metals owing to compatibility with printing for up-scaling, low-cost and environmental footprint, and abundance of carbon.…”

Recent advances in electrode interface modifications in perovskite solar cells

“…1(a) and (b). 49 The EILs are optionally selected for device fabrication in terms of different types of electrodes in PSCs with p-i-n or n-i-p structures (Fig. 1).…”

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: material science

“…The commonly used noble metals (Ag or Au) have the drawbacks of high material cost as well as metal diffusion issues. It is desirable to develop cheap and high-performance non-noble metal electrodes [16].…”

“…Figure16 Typical dopant-free small molecules constructed with donor units. These with red-colored PCE values are applied in n-i-p type PSCs, while the blue-colored ones are used in p-i-n type PSCs (color online).…”