“…Among these systems, nanofluidic structures such as nanopores [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], nanoslits [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], and nanochannels [ 24 , 25 , 26 ] exhibit electrokinetic phenomena, such as ion current rectification, ion depletion, and ion gating, through the manipulation of their permselectivity. Due to their molecular feature size, nanofluidic channels can offer precise control of and interaction with charged species, opening the possibility to develop new biomedical devices and therapeutic platforms for personalized medicine as well as chronotherapeutic regimens for chronic and dysfunctional diseases [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. The active interaction of charged surfaces with aqueous media containing charged species such as ions [ 30 , 31 ], DNA [ 32 , 33 ], proteins [ 7 ], and nanoparticles [ 34 ] permits the implementation of analysis and processing for biosensors, molecular separation techniques, and drug-delivery systems [ 13 , 14 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”