Handbook of Imagination and Mental Simulation
DOI: 10.4324/9780203809846.ch12
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Counterfactual Thinking: Function and Dysfunction

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Cited by 18 publications
(34 citation statements)
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“…While D-CFT is linked to positive affect and related mood repair following an aversive outcome, U-CFT is often linked to the experience of negative affect (Sanna, Turley-Ames, & Meier, 1999). Although U-CFT typically precedes the experience of negative mood (for exceptions, see Markman, Karadogan, Lindberg, & Zell, 2009), counterfactual research also suggests that such thoughts can be functional by enhancing motivation for self-improvement (e.g., Roese, 1994;Sanna, Chang, & Meier, 2001). For instance, if someone is badly injured in an automobile accident, he or she may think: "If only I had been wearing my seatbelt, I would not be in such bad shape."…”
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“…While D-CFT is linked to positive affect and related mood repair following an aversive outcome, U-CFT is often linked to the experience of negative affect (Sanna, Turley-Ames, & Meier, 1999). Although U-CFT typically precedes the experience of negative mood (for exceptions, see Markman, Karadogan, Lindberg, & Zell, 2009), counterfactual research also suggests that such thoughts can be functional by enhancing motivation for self-improvement (e.g., Roese, 1994;Sanna, Chang, & Meier, 2001). For instance, if someone is badly injured in an automobile accident, he or she may think: "If only I had been wearing my seatbelt, I would not be in such bad shape."…”
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“…Despite this functional aspect of upward counterfactual thinking, a growing body of research suggests that for individuals with various forms of psychopathology, U-CFT may produce negative affect in the absence of any beneficial, motivational consequences (Mandel & Dhami, 2005;Roese, 1997; for a review, see Markman et al, 2009). For example, U-CFT was associated with increased anxiety and distress in women who had miscarried but was not associated with any adaptive searching for meaning or future plans (Callander, Brown, Tata, & Regan, 2007).…”
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“…No obstante el argumento anterior, otras investigaciones en el ámbito social (Markman et al 2009) plantean que los contrafactuales ascendentes generan más costes que beneficios en la vida actual, pues están asociados a sentimiento de ansiedad o temor más que a resultados positivos. Al parecer, todo depende del tipo de pensamiento contrafactual; así generar contrafactuales realistas sobre aspectos controlables de un evento negativo (v.g., "Si hubiera dedicado más tiempo, habría aprobado el curso") provoca un efecto diferente que generar contrafactuales sobre aspectos menos viables o incluso irracionales (v.g., "si me hubiera memorizado todos los capítulos, habría aprobado el curso").…”
Section: Contrafactual Y Emociónunclassified
“…Al parecer, todo depende del tipo de pensamiento contrafactual; así generar contrafactuales realistas sobre aspectos controlables de un evento negativo (v.g., "Si hubiera dedicado más tiempo, habría aprobado el curso") provoca un efecto diferente que generar contrafactuales sobre aspectos menos viables o incluso irracionales (v.g., "si me hubiera memorizado todos los capítulos, habría aprobado el curso"). El primer ejemplo cumple una función adaptativa al prepararnos para una acción determinada en el futuro, el segundo sólo contribuye a perpetuar un sentimiento negativo al planificar metas que van en contra de acciones constructivas (Markman et al 2009). En definitiva, los contrafactuales ascendentes, más comunes que los contrafactuales descendentes, no son más que un "reproche mental" que lanzamos constantemente hacia nosotros mismos o hacia los demás cuando la causa es externa.…”
Section: Contrafactual Y Emociónunclassified
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