Counterfeit Medicines in Socioeconomic Perspective

Abstract

Counterfeit medicines potentially reach 70% of the global drug markets, and the largest proportion is found in developing countries. Increasing public awareness of counterfeit medicines will automatically affect the demand for counterfeit medical products that will finally reduce counterfeit medicine activities. However, raising awareness of the dangers of counterfeit medicines is a challenging task because public health professionals need to consider diversity of social, economic and educational factors. This study examined peer-reviewed journal articles, media reports, official government and non-government reports. As many as 179 papers (1990 to 2014) were retrieved to identify the relationship between Human Development Index (HDI) of the USA, Japan, Brazil, Iran, Vietnam, Indonesia, Pakistan and Nigeria, and the type of counterfeit medicines. An electronic search was conducted using the following databases, such as Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, Google Scholar. Counterfeit disease curing medicines are found in high varieties most likely in countries with low HDI. At the same time, medicines for lifestyle are not solely found in countries with high HDI, but also exist in low to medium HDI.Keywords: Counterfeit medicines, disease curing medicine, human development index, lifestyle of drug use, public health Abstrak Obat-obatan palsu berpotensi mencapai 70% dari pasaran obat internasional dengan proporsi terbanyak ditemukan di negara berkembang. Meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat akan adanya obat-obatan palsu akan secara langsung memengaruhi permintaan produk obat palsu yang akhirnya akan mengurangi kegiatan pemalsuan obat. Akan tetapi, meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat akan bahaya obat-obatan palsu tidaklah mudah sebab profesi kesehatan masyarakat harus juga mempertimbangkan keberagaman faktor-faktor sosial, ekonomi dan pendidikan. Laporan ini menelaah artikel jurnal yang ditelaah oleh kelompok seminat, laporan media, laporan resmi pemerintah dan non-pemerintah. Sebanyak 179 artikel (dari 1990 sampai 2014) ditelaah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara indeks pembangunan manusia (IPM) dari USA, Jepang, Brasil, Iran, Vietnam, Indonesia, Pakistan dan Nigeria, dan tipe pemalsuan obat. Pencarian elektronik menggunakan pangkalan data seperti Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, Google Scholar. Obat-obatan palsu untuk pengobatan ditemukan dalam banyak ragam terutama di negara dengan IPM rendah. Pada saat yang sama, obat-obatan untuk keperluan gaya hidup tidak hanya ditemukan di negara dengan IPM tinggi, akan tetapi juga beredar di negara dengan IPM rendah dan sedang.Kata kunci: Obat palsu, pengobatan penyakit, indeks pembangunan manusia, gaya hidup penggunaan obat, kesehatan masyarakat

The role of pharmacists in eliminating counterfeit medicines in Nigeria

“…Over the years, counterfeit pharmaceuticals have posed immense concerns for global health and patient safety, including drug resistance, treatment failure, and patient mortality ( 5 ). The threat posed by medicines’ counterfeiting is relevant to all types of therapeutic classes, especially with essential medicines such as anti-malarials and antibiotics ( 6 ). Worthy of focus, is the 280,000 sub-Saharan African children whose death have been linked with fake medications for pneumonia and malaria ( 7 ).…”

Determinan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Di Kabupaten Lampung Tengah, Provinsi Lampung, Indonesia

“…, praktik pemalsuan obat (Nuryunarsih, 2017), prevalensi balita pendek (Muljati, Triwinarto, & Budiman, 2011), kinerja pembangunan ekonomi (Amaliah, 2006). Tetapi, IPM berkontribusi negatif terhadap tingkat kemiskinan (Andykha, Handayani, & Woyanti, 2018) dan tingkat korupsi (Mariyono, 2012).…”