Counting Statistics of Actively Quenched SPADs Under Continuous Illumination

Straka, Ivo; Grygar, Jan; Hloušek, Josef; Ježek, Miroslav

doi:10.1109/jlt.2020.2994654

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…We note that, in our opinion, the slightly larger theoretical values of effective detection efficiencies η eff s and η eff i in Fig. 5(a) in the area around N = 100 indicate longer-range death-time effects in the response of the used APDs and processing electronics [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Compound twin beams without the need of genuine photon-number-resolving detection

Peřina¹,

Cernoch²,

Soubusta³

2021

Preprint

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The scheme for building stronger multi-mode twin beams from a greater number of identical twin beams sufficiently weak so that single-photon sensitive on/off detectors suffice in their detection is studied. Statistical properties of these compound twin beams involving the non-classicality are analyzed for intensities up to hundreds of photon pairs. Their properties are compared with those of the genuine twin beams that require photon-number-resolving detectors in their experimental investigations. The use of such compound twin beams for the generation of sub-Poissonian light and measurement of absorption with sub-shot-noise precision is analyzed. A suitable theoretical model for the compound twin beams is developed to interpret the experimental data. II. PHOTON-NUMBER AND PHOTOCOUNTDISTRIBUTIONS OF GENUINE AND COMPOUND TWIN BEAMS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Compound twin beams without the need of genuine photon-number-resolving detection

Peřina¹,

Cernoch²,

Soubusta³

2021

Preprint

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“…A good approximation is to consider the afterpulsing event right after the end of the hold-off time, i.e., a delta-like afterpulsing probability in time

[ 21 ], to obtain the detection rate:

…”

Section: Statistical Modelling Of the Spadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Modelling of SPADs for Time-of-Flight LiDAR

Incoronato

Locatelli

Zappa

2021

Sensors

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Time-of-Flight (TOF) based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a widespread technique for distance measurements in both single-spot depth ranging and 3D mapping. Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) detectors provide single-photon sensitivity and allow in-pixel integration of a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) to measure the TOF of single-photons. From the repetitive acquisition of photons returning from multiple laser shots, it is possible to accumulate a TOF histogram, so as to identify the laser pulse return from unwelcome ambient light and compute the desired distance information. In order to properly predict the TOF histogram distribution and design each component of the LiDAR system, from SPAD to TDC and histogram processing, we present a detailed statistical modelling of the acquisition chain and we show the perfect matching with Monte Carlo simulations in very different operating conditions and very high background levels. We take into consideration SPAD non-idealities such as hold-off time, afterpulsing, and crosstalk, and we show the heavy pile-up distortion in case of high background. Moreover, we also model non-idealities of timing electronics chain, namely, TDC dead-time, limited number of storage cells for TOF data, and TDC sharing. Eventually, we show how the exploit the modelling to reversely extract the original LiDAR return signal from the distorted measured TOF data in different operating conditions.

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“…TABLE I. Comparison of recovery times τR that were measured directly using time-resolved detection techniques [36], and the dead time values τ fit that were the best fit of the model (2).…”

Section: A Single-photon Avalanche Diodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The particular detection imperfections are specific to SPADs and their quenching circuits [23,24], or SNSPDs [22,25,26] due to their different operational principles. There is a great number of results in modelling the response of a SPAD with the ultimate goal of including all the relevant factors [32][33][34][35][36]. Their accuracy has been limited so far and many counter-examples exist for which the measured SPAD response differs significantly from the theoretical model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental observation of anomalous supralinear response of single-photon detectors

Hloušek¹,

Straka²,

Ježek³

2021

Preprint

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The linearity of single-photon detectors allows accurate optical measurements at low light levels and using non-classical light in spectroscopy, biomedical imaging, optical communication, and sensing. However, in practice the response of single-photon detectors can exhibit intriguing nonlinear effects that may influence the performed measurements. Here, we demonstrate a direct single-source method for absolute measurement of nonlinearity of single-photon detectors with unprecedented accuracy. We discover a surprising supralinear behavior of single-photon avalanche diodes and show that it cannot be explained using known theoretical models. We also fully characterize sub-and supra-linear operation regimes of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors and uncover the supralinearity under faint continuous illumination. The results identify new detector anomalies that supersede existing knowledge of nonlinear effects at the single-photon level. These effects are of particular importance to cutting-edge applications of single-photon detectors in quantum metrology.

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Counting Statistics of Actively Quenched SPADs Under Continuous Illumination

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Compound twin beams without the need of genuine photon-number-resolving detection

Compound twin beams without the need of genuine photon-number-resolving detection

Statistical Modelling of SPADs for Time-of-Flight LiDAR

Experimental observation of anomalous supralinear response of single-photon detectors

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