Country-level determinants of the severity of the first global wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study

Pana, Tiberiu A; Bhattacharya, Sohinee; Gamble, David; Pasdar, Zahra; Szlachetka, Weronika A.; Perdomo-Lampignano, Jesus A; Ewers, Kai D; McLernon, David J.; Myint, Phyo Kyaw

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042034

Cited by 47 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Regarding COVID-19, it has been proposed that trained innate immunity or heterologous T-cell responses induced by BCG vaccination may reduce disease incidence, morbidity and severity (Curtis et al, 2020;Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al, 2020;Jirjees et al, 2020;Kubota et al, 2020;Levi et al, 2021;Mantovani & Netea, 2020;Marín-Hernández et al, 2021;Pana et al, 2021;Wickramasinghe et al, 2020). However, considering the limitations of ecological studies, analyses of the links between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 incidence and mortality have shown no correlation (Hensel et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2021;Ricco & Ranzieri, 2021), negative correlation (Goswami et al, 2021;Singh et al, 2020) or changes in correlation patterns as the pandemic progresses (Kubota et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citizen science initiative points at childhood BCG vaccination as a risk factor for COVID‐19

Fuente

Armas

Sánchez‐Rodríguez

et al. 2021

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Current results do not provide conclusive evidence on the effect of BCG vaccination on COVID-19 alone or in combination with other factors. To address this limitation, in this study we used a citizen science initiative on the COVID-19 pandemic to collect data worldwide during 2 October 2020-30 October 2020 (1,233 individuals) in a structured way for analysing factors and characteristics of affected individuals in relation to BCG vaccination. For the first time, the results of our study suggested that vaccination with BCG may increase the risk for COVID-19 at certain age, particularly in individuals vaccinated at childhood. Childhood BCG vaccination increased the likelihood of being diagnosed with COVID-19 fivefold in COVID-19 low-incidence countries and threefold in high-incidence countries. A reasonable explanation for this effect is the activation of certain innate immunity mechanisms associated with inflammatory reactions. These factors should be considered when analysing the risks associated with this global pandemic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citizen science initiative points at childhood BCG vaccination as a risk factor for COVID‐19

Fuente

Armas

Sánchez‐Rodríguez

et al. 2021

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Very early restrictions on international travel should be considered to control COVID-19 outbreaks and prevent related deaths." 88 Second, and relatedly, by supporting clear and consistent definition of cross-border health measures, the typology can facilitate research into the varying effects and externalities of such measures. Rather than assuming the possible benefits and harms of cross-border health measures, our approach encourages explicit analysis of not only public health effects, but also social, economic, ethical, and political externalities.…”

Section: Figure 3: Proposed Typology Of Cross-border Health Measuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Managing Borders During Public Health Emergencies of International Concern: A Proposed Typology of Cross-border Health Measures

Lee

Grépin

Worsnop

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundThe near universal adoption of cross-border health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide has prompted significant debate about their effectiveness and compliance with international law. The number of measures used, and the range of measures applied, have far exceeded previous public health emergencies of international concern. However, efforts to advance research, policy and practice to support their effective use has been hindered by a lack of clear and consistent definition. ResultsBased on a review of existing datasets for cross-border health measures, such as the Oxford Coronavirus Government Response Tracker and World Health Organization Public Health and Social Measures, along with analysis of secondary and grey literature, we propose six categories to define measures more clearly and consistently – type of movement (travel and trade), policy goal, level of jurisdiction, use by public versus private sector, stage of journey, and degree of restrictiveness. These categories are then be brought together into a proposed typology that can support research with generalizable findings and comparative analyses across jurisdictions. The typology facilitates evidence-informed decision-making which takes account of policy complexity including trade-offs and externalities. Finally, the typology can support efforts to strengthen coordinated global responses to outbreaks and inform future efforts to revise the WHO International Health Regulations (2005). ConclusionsThe widespread use of cross-border health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted significant reflection on available evidence, previous practice and existing legal frameworks. The typology put forth in this paper aims to provide a starting point for strengthening research, policy and practice.

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“…A second consequence of the pandemic, which will shape how and whether neoliberalism endures, is the rapid reassertion of national borders as instruments of national health security and surveillance. Infection rates during the first wave of COVID-19 corresponded closely to the amount of international air travel in and out of a country and a city (Pana et al, 2021). Nations such as New Zealand were widely praised for closing their borders very early in the pandemic.…”

Section: The Crisis Of 2020mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Neoliberalism? An Introduction

Davies

Gane

2021

Theory, Culture & Society

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This article provides an introduction to the special issue on post-neoliberalism. It does so by considering challenges to the neoliberal order that have come, post-financial crisis, from the political right. It looks closely at the relation of neoliberalism to conservatism, on one hand, and libertarianism, on the other, in order to address the threat posed to the neoliberal order by paleoconservatism, neoreactionary politics, ordonationalism, libertarian paternalism, and different forms of sovereignty and elite power. The final section of this introduction reflects on the challenge to the neoliberal orthodoxy posed by the current COVID-19 crisis. For while events of 2020–21 have facilitated new forms of privatization of many public services and goods, they also signal, potentially, a break from the neoliberal orthodoxies of the previous four decades, and, in particular, from their overriding concern for the market.

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Country-level determinants of the severity of the first global wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study

Cited by 47 publications

References 19 publications

Citizen science initiative points at childhood BCG vaccination as a risk factor for COVID‐19

Citizen science initiative points at childhood BCG vaccination as a risk factor for COVID‐19

Managing Borders During Public Health Emergencies of International Concern: A Proposed Typology of Cross-border Health Measures

Post-Neoliberalism? An Introduction

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