County lines: how gang crime is affecting our young people

Williams, Alessandra Glover; Finlay, Fiona

doi:10.1136/archdischild-2018-315909

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In this study, we report a unique geographical distribution of penetrating torso trauma cases attended by HEMS, largely aligning to the drug-trafficking county lines [ 21 , 22 ]. The multi-agency Kent and Medway Gang Strategy (2018–2021) warn of steadily increasing gang operations across the Kent and Medway region, originating from London-based individuals venturing into the region for ‘homegrown’ gangs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of helicopter emergency medical services in the pre-hospital care of penetrating torso injuries in a semi-rural setting

Gavrilovski

Griggs

Avest

et al. 2021

Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med

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Background Although the merit of pre-hospital critical care teams such as Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) has been universally recognized for patients with penetrating torso injuries who present with unstable physiology, the potential merit in patients initially presenting with stable physiology is largely undetermined. The ability to predict the required pre-hospital interventions patients may have important implications for HEMS tasking, especially when transport times to definitive care are prolonged. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who sustained a penetrating torso injury and were attended by the Air Ambulance Kent Surrey Sussex (AAKSS) over a 6-year period. Primary outcome was defined as the percentage of patients with penetrating torso injuries requiring HEMS-specific interventions anytime between HEMS arrival and arrival at hospital. Secondary outcomes were the association of individual patient- and injury characteristics with the requirement for HEMS interventions. Results During the study period 363 patients met inclusion criteria. 90% of patients were male with a median age of 30 years. 99% of penetrating trauma incident occurred more than 10-min drive from a Major Trauma Centre (MTC). Presenting GCS was > 13 in 83% of patients. Significant hemodynamic- or ventilatory compromise was present in more than 25% of the patients. Traumatic cardiac arrest was present in 34 patients (9.4%), profound hypotension with SBP < 80 mmHg in 30 (8.3%) and oxygen saturations < 92% in 30 (8.3%). A total of 121 HEMS-specific interventions were performed. Although HEMS-specific interventions were associated with presenting physiology (TCA OR 1.75 [1.41–2.16], SBP < 80 mmHg (OR 1.40 [1.18–1.67] and SpO2 < 92% (OR 1.39 [1.17–1.65], a minority of the patients presented initially with stable physiology but deteriorated on route to hospital and required HEMS interventions (n = 9, 3.3%). Conclusion HEMS teams provide potentially important contribution to the pre-hospital treatment of patients with penetrating torso injuries in rural and semi-rural areas, especially when they present with unstable physiology. A certain degree of over-triage is inevitable in these patients, as it is hard to predict which patients will deteriorate on route to hospital and will need HEMS interventions. The results of this study showing a potentially predictable geographical dispersion of penetrating trauma could inform multi-agency knife crime prevention strategy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of helicopter emergency medical services in the pre-hospital care of penetrating torso injuries in a semi-rural setting

Gavrilovski

Griggs

Avest

et al. 2021

Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med

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“…The majority of early 'journey-to-crime' studies suggested that travel associated with crime is limited and mostly local in nature (e.g. Wiles and Costello 2000). However, emergent international studies have increasingly found offender travel to be more widespread with long crime trips more common than first reported (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The variable and evolving nature of ‘cuckooing’ as a form of criminal exploitation in street level drug markets

2019

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A form of criminal exploitation rarely mentioned in the academic literature has recently emerged, evolved and taken meaningful hold in the UK. Hundreds of cases of 'cuckooing' have been reported, where heroin and crack cocaine dealers associated with the so-called 'County Lines' supply methodology have taken over the homes of local residents and created outposts to facilitate their supply operations in satellite locations. Dominant narratives surrounding this practice have stressed its exploitative nature and the vulnerabilities of those involved. Combining qualitative data from two studies, this paper critically analyses the model of cuckooing and the experiences of those affected. In turn it explores the impact of County Lines on affected areas and local populations, a topic that has received little academic scrutiny. Four typologies of cuckooing are constructed, highlighting its variance and complexity. Findings also suggest it to be a growing method of criminal exploitation beyond drug supply with a possible burgeoning presence being realised internationally.

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“…Berridge et al, 2001) and lead to increased risk of victimisation (McAra & McVie, 2010). Given widespread concerns about the vulnerability of young people in relation to gang-related activity and involvement in 'county lines' (Glover Williams & Finlay, 2018;Stone, 2018;National Crime Agency, 2019), the benefits of a holistic, 'one service approach' seem more important than ever.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exclusion from school in Scotland and across the UK: Contrasts and questions

McCluskey

Cole

Daniels

et al. 2019

British Educational Res J

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This article draws on findings from the first cross‐national study of school exclusion in the four jurisdictions of the UK. It casts new light on the crucial aspects of children's education that lead to school exclusion. It investigates the reasons for the UK disparities, as well as the policy and practice in place. The focus of this article is on a detailed analysis of the policy context in Scotland, where official permanent exclusion reduced to an all‐time low of just five cases in 2014/15. This is much lower than in Northern Ireland and Wales and in stark contrast to England, where exclusions have increased substantially since 2012. Our analysis seeks to understand Scotland's success in reducing exclusion and offers new insight into the ways in which national policies and local factors more generally shape schools and their practices and the consequent impacts for children and young people more broadly in the UK.

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County lines: how gang crime is affecting our young people

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

The contribution of helicopter emergency medical services in the pre-hospital care of penetrating torso injuries in a semi-rural setting

The contribution of helicopter emergency medical services in the pre-hospital care of penetrating torso injuries in a semi-rural setting

The variable and evolving nature of ‘cuckooing’ as a form of criminal exploitation in street level drug markets

Exclusion from school in Scotland and across the UK: Contrasts and questions

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