“…Beams, with various geometric and material characteristics, are one of the most common load-carrying members that are used in many engineering structures such as shafts of rotating machinery, turbine blades, vehicle chassis, buildings, marine structures, etc. (Chaker and Cherifati, 1999; Chen and Zhu, 2021; Ibrahim et al, 1996; Tüfekci et al, 2020a, 2020b; Tuzzi et al, 2020; Woo, 1986; Yucel et al, 2014; Zhu et al, 2016). Beams usually have predictable mechanical characteristics due to their geometric simplicity, which allows certain assumptions to be made.…”