Coupling and Coordination Relationships between Urban Expansion and Ecosystem Service Value in Kashgar City

Abstract

The growing urbanization of oasis cities in arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China has an adverse influence on the fragile local ecological system. Therefore, improved understanding of the coupling and coordination between urban expansion (UE) and ecosystem services value (ESv) is critical to long term sustainable development. Here, we study the urbanization trend of a typical oasis city of Northwest China (Kashgar) using Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI imagery from 1990 to 2015. Land use types are classified and the spatio-temporal features of UE are analyzed; ESv of each land use types and the ecosystem services function (ESf) are determined; the driving factors of UE and the spatio-temporal change of ESv are analyzed; and the coupling and coordination relationship between UE and ESv is quantitatively determined. Results show that: (1) The land use structure has changed significantly between 1990 and 2015, with construction land (40.51 km2) showing the highest growth and farmland (28.42 km2). (2) UE values during 2000–2005 (16.65 km2) and 2010–2015 (21.09 km2) are relatively large, and during 1990–2015, the city extended from the center to the outskirts at a dynamic growth rate of 13.17% and a comprehensive expansion index of 1.54‰. (3) The total ESv was reduced by CNY 35.76 million (USD ~ 5.26 million), ranked from high to low as: waste treatment (CNY 9.94 million, USD ~1.46 million), water source conservation (CNY 7.95 million, USD ~ 1.17 million), soil formation (CNY 4.60 million, USD ~ 0.68 million), biodiversity protection (CNY 3.37 million, USD ~ 0.5 million), climate regulation (CNY 3.15 million, USD ~ 0.46 million), food production (CNY 2.83 million, USD ~ 0.42 million), gas regulation (CNY 1.96 million, USD ~ 0.29 million), entertainment and leisure (CNY 1.26 million, USD ~ 0.19 million), and raw materials (CNY 0.68 million, USD ~ 0.1 million). (4) The coupling degree between UE and ESv is relatively small (<0.5), though this value has increased yearly. The coordination degree between UE and ESv is relatively low, indicating that UE already poses a serious danger to the ecological environment. (5) The rapid growth of the population and economy and government policies are the main driving factors of intensive UE. Increasing climatic factors such as precipitation, temperature, and runoff impact ESv in some positive ways whereas UE leads to a reduction of ESv. Our results here can help to guide long-term sustainable development of arid regions, reasonable urban planning of oasis cities, and protection of the local ecological environment.

Evaluation of typical ecosystem services in Dabie Mountain area and its application in improving residents' well-being

“…In order to reflect the general effectiveness of the comprehensive measurement of the research system, it is necessary to build a coupling coordinated development model to compare, analyze and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages in different dimensions ( Hu et al., 2022b ). This paper introduced the coupling coordinated development degree model with reference to relevant literature ( Liao et al., 2020 ; Maimaiti et al., 2022 ). The formula is as follows:…”

“…In order to conduct coupling analysis between ecosystem services and residents’ well-being at a smaller unit scale and refer to relevant research literature ( Huang et al., 2019a ), this paper ultimately selected a 3 kilometer * 3 kilometer grid as the sample unit scale for coupling analysis). To reference relevant literature ( Hu et al., 2018 ; Liao et al., 2020 ; Maimaiti et al., 2022 ), this paper divides the coefficient of coordinated development into five grades from low to high, namely 0≤ D <0.2 severe disorder, 0.2≤ D <0.4 moderate disorder, 0.4≤ D <0.06 primary disorder, 0.6≤ D <0.8 moderate coordination and 0.8≤ D <1 excellent coordination.…”

Using composite system index to identify China’s ecological and socio-economic transition zone

“…The coupling degree ( CP ), derived from physics, is a representation of the degree of correlation between n systems or between n elements within a system ( Maimaiti et al., 2022 ). The coordination degree ( CD) was used to reflect the overall relationship between them, in addition to the relevance, considering the weight of each objective ( w i ) ( Zhang et al., 2016 ).…”

Dynamic Evolution and Scenario Simulation of Ecosystem Services under the Impact of Land-Use Change in an Arid Inland River Basin in Xinjiang, China

“…The continental arid climate in the KRB is characterized by sparse precipitation, intense evaporation, ample sunlight, large temperature differences between day and night, short winters, and long summers. There is little interannual variation in temperature in the basin, with an average annual temperature of 11.7 • C, annual rainfall of 137.4 mm, and potential evaporation of more than 3000 mm [41]. The study area is depicted in Figure 1.…”