Coupling eruption and tsunami records: the Krakatau 1883 case study, Indonesia

Paris, Raphaël; Wassmer, Patrick; Lavigne, Franck; Belousov, Alexander; Belousova, Marina; Iskandarsyah, Yan; Benbakkar, Mhammed; Ontowirjo, Budianto; Mazzoni, Nelly

doi:10.1007/s00445-014-0814-x

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Those from Krakatau in 1883 impacted the coasts of the Sunda Straits, where run-ups averaged 15 m and reached 40 m, killing 35,000 people3132333435. Tsunamis from the LBA eruption have been proposed as a factor in the demise of the Minoan culture in the southern Aegean region through damage to coastal towns, harbours, shipping and maritime trade (please see refs 36, 37, 38 and references there in).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation

et al. 2016

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Caldera-forming eruptions of island volcanoes generate tsunamis by the interaction of different eruptive phenomena with the sea. Such tsunamis are a major hazard, but forward models of their impacts are limited by poor understanding of source mechanisms. The caldera-forming eruption of Santorini in the Late Bronze Age is known to have been tsunamigenic, and caldera collapse has been proposed as a mechanism. Here, we present bathymetric and seismic evidence showing that the caldera was not open to the sea during the main phase of the eruption, but was flooded once the eruption had finished. Inflow of water and associated landsliding cut a deep, 2.0–2.5 km3, submarine channel, thus filling the caldera in less than a couple of days. If, as at most such volcanoes, caldera collapse occurred syn-eruptively, then it cannot have generated tsunamis. Entry of pyroclastic flows into the sea, combined with slumping of submarine pyroclastic accumulations, were the main mechanisms of tsunami production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation

et al. 2016

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“…were found burnt, but there is no clear evidence of pyroclastic surges flowing over water to reach the coast of Santorini, as occurred during the 1883 eruption of Krakatau (Carey et al, 1996;Paris et al, 2014b).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Ulvrová

Paris

Nomikou

et al. 2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Abstract:The 1650 AD explosive eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece) generated a destructive tsunami. In this paper we propose a source mechanism of this poorly documented tsunami using both geological investigations and numerical simulations. Sedimentary evidence of the 1650 AD tsunami was found along the coast of Santorini Island at maximum altitudes ranging between 3.5 m a.s.l. (Perissa, southern coast) and 20 m a.s.l. (Monolithos, eastern coast), corresponding to a minimum inundation of 360 and 630 m respectively. Tsunami deposits consist of an irregular 5 to 30 cm thick layer of dark grey sand that overlies pumiceous deposits erupted during the Minoan eruption and are found at depths of 30-50 cm below the surface.Composition of the tsunami sand is similar to the composition of the present-day beach sand but differs from the pumiceous gravelly deposits on which it rests. The spatial distribution of the tsunami deposits was compared to available historical records and to the results of numerical simulations of tsunami inundation. Different source mechanisms were tested: earthquakes, underwater explosions, caldera collapse, and pyroclastic flows. The most probable source of the 1650 AD Kolumbo tsunami is a 250 m high water surface displacement generated by underwater explosion with an energy of ~2 × 10 16 J at water depths between 20 and 150 m. The tsunamigenic explosion(s) occurred on September 29, 1650 during the transition between submarine and subaerial phases of the eruption. Caldera subsidence is not an efficient tsunami source mechanism as short (and probably unrealistic) collapse durations (< 5 minutes) are needed. Pyroclastic flows cannot be discarded, but the required flux (10 6 to 10 7 m³.s -1 ) is exceptionally high compared to the magnitude of the eruption.

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“…The eruptive processes, and the source and time propagation of the tsunamis, have been widely debated on the basis of observations, analysis of near-field pyroclastic deposits, tide and pressure gauge records, and numerical modelling [11,16,73,74,82,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]. It is now commonly accepted that pyroclastic flows were the source of tsunamis of increasing magnitude from the afternoon of 26 August to the morning of 27 August 1883, even if other processes were involved during the phases preceding or following the paroxysm (rock falls, landslide, caldera collapse).…”

Section: Pyroclastic Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis

Paris

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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111

104

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Volcanic tsunamis are generated by a variety of mechanisms, including volcano-tectonic earthquakes, slope instabilities, pyroclastic flows, underwater explosions, shock waves and caldera collapse. In this review, we focus on the lessons that can be learnt from past events and address the influence of parameters such as volume flux of mass flows, explosion energy or duration of caldera collapse on tsunami generation. The diversity of waves in terms of amplitude, period, form, dispersion, etc. poses difficulties for integration and harmonization of sources to be used for numerical models and probabilistic tsunami hazard maps. In many cases, monitoring and warning of volcanic tsunamis remain challenging (further technical and scientific developments being necessary) and must be coupled with policies of population preparedness.

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Coupling eruption and tsunami records: the Krakatau 1883 case study, Indonesia

Abstract: The well-documented 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano (Indonesia) offers an opportunity to couple the eruption's history with the tsunami record.

Cited by 45 publications

References 46 publications

Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation

Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation

Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis

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