Coupling of carboxylic groups onto the surface of polystyrene parts during fused filament fabrication

Nagel, Jürgen; Zimmermann, Philipp; Schubert, Oliver; Simon, Frank; Schlenstedt, Kornelia

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.05.260

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Our research is focused on grafting reactions on polymer melt surfaces that are selective for a special polymer material . Recently, we introduced a reaction scheme that used the Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction with a superacid as catalyst to graft a poly(carboxylic acid) to the surface of a polystyrene part during FFF printing . Before that, we presented specific grafting reactions during injection molding, e.g., the grafting of a polyamine to the surface of poly(ether ether ketone) or polycarbonate as well as grafting of a poly(carboxylic acid) to polyamide …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…44 Recently, we introduced a reaction scheme that used the Friedel−Crafts acylation reaction with a superacid as catalyst to graft a poly(carboxylic acid) to the surface of a polystyrene part during FFF printing. 45 Before that, we presented specific grafting reactions during injection molding, e.g., the grafting of a polyamine to the surface of poly(ether ether ketone) 36 or polycarbonate 35 as well as grafting of a poly(carboxylic acid) to polyamide. 46 Beside the chemical functionalization of the polymer surface, for some applications a well-designed topography with microcavities on the surface is desired, where the inner cavity surfaces are chemically functionalized, e.g., to increase the effective surface area or to provide microcavities as reaction centers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green Approach for Manufacturing of Polymer Surface Structures with Microcavities Having Robust Chemically Functionalized Inner Surfaces

Zimmermann

Schlenstedt

Schwarz

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Polymer surface modification is a key step in manufacturing for applications of parts in biotechnology, catalysis, sensing, and other fields. However, functionalization approaches with sufficient robustness are often connected with the use of harsh chemical treatment and/or high-energy consumption. We present a versatile approach for chemical functionalization of polymer surfaces, which is compatible with fused filament fabrication, is energy efficient, and does not require harmful chemicals. The modification takes advantage of embedding of polyethylenimine-coated calcium carbonate particles into polymer melts and subsequent dissolution of the particles allowing for further modification of the residual polyethylenimine. The process results in surfaces that are hierarchically structured and feature undercuts, rendering them robust against wear and tear as well as increasing the specific area available for functionalization. We show proof-of-concept functionalization with dyes, metal layers, and metal nanoparticles, demonstrating the versatility of our concept and discuss the potential for catalysis and biotechnology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Approach for Manufacturing of Polymer Surface Structures with Microcavities Having Robust Chemically Functionalized Inner Surfaces

Zimmermann

Schlenstedt

Schwarz

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…The important issue is to identify a reactant and a suitable reaction pathway for the thermoplastic under consideration. Solutions for polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), grafted PP, polystyrene (PS), and polyamide (PA) have already been published [28][29][30][31][32][33]. The carbonate group in PC was reacted with polyethylene imine during molding under formation of a urethane bond, resulting in a relatively thick layer of a functional polymer on the PC surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Grafting of Polyamines to Polyether Ether Ketone Surface during Molding and Its Use for Chemical Plating

et al. 2018

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We present a new approach of surface functionalization of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) that is carried out during the molding step. Thin films of polymers with different functional groups were applied to the surface of a mold and brought in close contact with a PEEK melt during injection molding. The surfaces of the produced parts were characterized after solidification. Only those PEEK surfaces that were in contact with polymers bearing primary amino groups exhibited a wettability for water. Obviously, the thin polymer film was grafted to the surface by a chemical reaction initiated by the high melt temperature. The formation of azomethine bonds between PEEK and the polyamine by coupling to the ketone groups was proposed. The other amino groups in the molecule were still in function after the molding process. They adsorbed different anionic molecules and anionic charged nanoparticles from aqueous solutions. The surfaces could be chemically plated by copper and nickel with high adhesion.

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“…Polymers 2024, 16, 644 2 of 13 However, all the mentioned approaches need a separate processing step for the grafting reaction. We have developed a method that carries out grafting during moulding of a thermoplastic part [39][40][41]. The method of process-integrated surface modification starts with the deposition of a thin layer of a functional polymer on a substrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Approach for Direct Robust Surface Grafting of Polyethyleneimine onto a Polyester Surface during Moulding

Zimmermann,

Frohs,

Wiesing

et al. 2024

Polymers

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This paper uses a very effective way for surface modification of thermoplastic polymers during moulding. It is based on a grafting reaction between a thin layer of a functional polymer, deposited on a substrate in advance, and a polymer melt. In this paper, a glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) that was brought in contact with a polyethyleneimine layer during fused filament fabrication is investigated. The focus of this paper is the investigation of the reaction product. Grafting was realised by the formation of stable amide bonds by amidation of ester groups in the main chain of a PETG. XPS investigations revealed that the conversion of amino groups was very high, the distribution was even, and the quantity of amino groups per polyester surface area was still very high. The surface properties of the produced polyester part were mainly characterised by polyethyleneimine. The grafting was able to resist several cycles of extraction in alkaline solutions. The stability was only limited by saponification of the polyester. The degree of surface modification was dependent on the molar mass of polyethyleneimine. This could be rationalised, because grafting only occurred with the one polyethyleneimine molecule that is in close vicinity to the polyester surface when both components come in contact. Fused deposition modelling was chosen as the model process with control over each processing step. However, any other moulding process may be applied, particularly injection moulding for mass production.

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Coupling of carboxylic groups onto the surface of polystyrene parts during fused filament fabrication

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Green Approach for Manufacturing of Polymer Surface Structures with Microcavities Having Robust Chemically Functionalized Inner Surfaces

Green Approach for Manufacturing of Polymer Surface Structures with Microcavities Having Robust Chemically Functionalized Inner Surfaces

Selective Grafting of Polyamines to Polyether Ether Ketone Surface during Molding and Its Use for Chemical Plating

Efficient Approach for Direct Robust Surface Grafting of Polyethyleneimine onto a Polyester Surface during Moulding

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