“…This can be calculated from the stiffness value based on the theory of material strength in molecular mechanics and material fracturing as 52 where , , , , , , , and are the normal stiffness, shear stiffness, mode I fracture energy, mode II fracture energy, Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and tensile strength, respectively. The procedure of the explicit scheme for the CDEM is not presented here; interested readers are referred to Yue et al 53 for a recent overview.…”