“…At the mesoscale, this understanding has been implemented into physics-based constitutive theories (Arsenlis and Parks, 2002;Arsenlis et al, 2004;Cheong and Busso, 2004;Ma et al, 2006;Gao and Huang, 2003;Beyerlein and Tomé, 2008) and implemented into homogenized deformation models such as self-consistent schemes (Lebensohn and Tomé, 1993;Niezgoda et al, 2014) or full-field simulations such as finite element based crystal plasticity (FE-CP) (Kalidindi et al, 1992;Beaudoin et al, 1995;Roters et al, 2010) or fast Fourier transform (FFT) based crystal plasticity (FFT-CP) models (Lebensohn, 2001;Lebensohn et al, 2012;Eisenlohr et al, 2013). On the other hand, the microstructural evolution in crystals, such as grain growth (Chen and Yang, 1994;Kazaryan et al, 2002;Moelans et al, 2008b), static recrystallization (Moelans et al, 2013), rafting in superalloy (Zhou et al, 2010;Gaubert et al, 2010) and many other phenomena (Chen, 2002;Wang and Li, 2010) have been well studied using phase-field (PF) simulations. The nonboundary tracking field description of microstructures and the incorporation of thermodynamics-based free energy formulation have made PF a very powerful and robust tool in simulating and predicting the microstructural evolution often in a quantitative manner (Chen, 2002;Boettinger et al, 2002;Shen et al, 2004;Moelans et al, 2008b;Steinbach, 2009;Wang and Li, 2010).…”