Course and outcome of anxiety disorders in adolescents

An Introduction to the Study of Information Processing Biases in Childhood Anxiety: Theoretical and Methodological Issues

“…Researchers have found that symptoms associated with clinical or sub-clinical levels of anxiety can be found in children as young as 3 years (Egger and Angold, 2006). Further studies have shown that these symptoms often follow a stable course from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood (Essau, Conradt and Petermann, 2002;Roza et al, 2003;review by Weems, 2008). In addition, anxiety has been found to place children at risk for academic underachievement (Ashcraft, 2002;Crozier and Hostettler, 2003;Owens et al, 2008).…”

Familial risk factors in social anxiety disorder: calling for a family-oriented approach for targeted prevention and early intervention

“…In the same study, however, women were more likely to follow a chronic course than men, especially when the global functioning at study entry was low and they had a history of suicide attempts [118]. In adolescents, presence of SAD symptoms from baseline to 15 month follow-up was predicted by higher age, comorbid anxiety, somatoform and substance use disorders, but not by female gender, comorbid depressive disorders and attachment style [30]. Traumatic events, peer relationships, social skills deficits, social cognition/information processing have been discussed as putative risk factors for SAD [89].…”

“…As time to second relapse was shorter than the time to first relapse, duration of the symptom-free interval appears to decrease over time. In children and adolescents, spontaneous remission rates are usually higher than in adults (up to 50% after 15 month [30]), but reduce when also subthreshold expressions of SAD and subsequent incidence of other anxiety disorders are considered [10,59].…”

Anxiety Disorders among Adolescents referred to General Psychiatry for Multiple Causes: Clinical Presentation, Prevalence, and Comorbidity

“…Early-onset anxiety is associated with adverse short-and longterm social, academic, financial, and health outcomes, and it also predicts substance use disorders and adult anxiety (3)(4)(5). Early identification and treatment are critical to reduce the burden and to prevent negative life outcomes.…”