Course and Outcome of Bacteremia Due to Staphylococcus aureus: Evaluation of Different Clinical Case Definitions

Immunological Mechanisms Underlying the Genetic Predisposition to Severe Staphylococcus aureus Infection in the Mouse Model

“…The reported mortality from septicemia ranges from 20 to 90%. [1][2][3][4][5] One of the most severe complications of S. aureus infections is the development of septic and toxic shock syndromes associated with vascular damage and multiple organ failure. 6,7 Apart from its ability to cause a diverse range of lifethreatening infections, an additional problem associated with S. aureus is its extraordinary potential to develop antimicrobial resistance.…”

In vitro ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bacteraemic patients with and without metastatic complications to invade vascular endothelial cells

“…It seems likely, therefore, that metastatic infection can develop without direct invasion of vascular endothelial cells. We suggest that host factors or host-pathogen interactions may be more important for the development of metastatic infection than are strictly microbial factors, because in a mouse bacteraemia model, we did not detect any difference in dissemination to internal organs in clinical isolates from patients with and without metastatic infection (data not shown).Host factors that increase rates of metastatic seeding during S. aureus bacteraemia include: (1) an unknown primary focus; (2) community acquisition; and (3) S. aureus bacteraemia not associated with removable foci (Lautenschlager et al, 1993;Finkelstein et al, 1984;Hedstrom & Christensson, 1983;Fowler et al, 2005). The present study also revealed an association between patients with metastatic infection and unknown primary focus.…”

“…A major complication of S. aureus bacteraemia is the development of metastatic infection. The reported frequency of metastatic infection following S. aureus bacteraemia varies from 2 to 47 % (Lautenschlager et al, 1993;Willcox et al, 1998;Mylotte et al, 1987;Nolan & Beaty, 1976;Cunney et al, 1996;Finkelstein et al, 1984).…”

“…A major complication of S. aureus bacteraemia is the development of metastatic infection. The reported frequency of metastatic infection following S. aureus bacteraemia varies from 2 to 47 % (Lautenschlager et al, 1993;Willcox et al, 1998;Mylotte et al, 1987;Nolan & Beaty, 1976;Cunney et al, 1996;Finkelstein et al, 1984).The most common sites of metastatic foci include cardiac valve, bone and joints, lung, kidney, central nervous system and skin (Lautenschlager et al, 1993;Julander, 1985;Nolan & Beaty, 1976;Mirimanoff & Glauser, 1982). Metastatic complications in S. aureus bacteraemia are clinically important because they are associated with recurrent infection and grave outcome (Musher et al, 1994;Lautenschlager et al, 1993;Julander, 1985).…”

“…Cases of metastatic infection were identified among patients with community-acquired S. aureus bacteraemia at Seoul National University Hospital from January 1998 to December 2001. The control group consisted of patients with community-acquired and simple S. aureus bacteraemia over the same period.The portal of entry was defined as the localized focus of S. aureus infection preceding bacteraemia, and any other foci were considered to represent metastatic infection (Lautenschlager et al, 1993). Community-acquired S. aureus bacteraemia was defined as the presence of a positive blood culture within 48 h of admission.…”