“…Course control for USVs is an essential and foundational issue. There are four main types of mathematical models for USV course control, such as Nomoto [1], Norribin [2,3], MMG [4] and Fossen [5]. Based on these mathematical models, many methods have been applied to solve the course control, achieving desirable theoretical results, mainly including PID control [6], ADRC [7], dynamic surface control [8,9], sliding mode control [10,11], intelligent control [12,13] and other methods.…”