“…Many studies on migration and integration have focused on what effects adult education has on migrants and refugees (e.g. Fejes, 2019a;Heinemann, 2014;Käpplinger, 2018;Klingenberg & Rex, 2016;Lücker & Mania, 2014;Öztürk, 2014Öztürk, 2018a, 2018bÖztürk & Kaufmann, 2009;Palmén, 2016;Robak, 2018;Robak, 2015;Robak & Peter, 2014;Sprung, 2012;Stanik & Franz, 2016;Subasi, 2018;Wildemeersch, 2017;Zimmer, Lücker & Fleige, 2015). Typical research questions included the learning trajectories of students, the content of the courses, the integration policies, and the effect of adult learning on social and economic inclusion.…”