“…The potential impact on the success of URM students by course design, or specific instructional characteristics, emerged from the literature in various forms, including positive (Joosten & Cusatis, 2019) and low-impact results (Gillis & Krull, 2020). However, findings also included learning preferences of design that negatively impacted retention for Black/African American students (Armstrong et al, 2021;Salvo et al, 2019), limited flexibility that proved to be a barrier to indigenous student needs (Cochrane & Maposa, 2018), and online math courses that did not equally serve Native American/Alaskan Native/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and Black/African American students and who in turn did not perform as well in the course. (Guerrero et al, 2020).…”