Covalently Functionalized Graphene with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Adsorption and Electrochemical Detection of Chloramphenicol

Abstract

In this report, we have presented a novel route to attach molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through covalent bonding. First, the surface of rGO was modified with maleic anhydride (MA) via a Diels−Alder reaction using a deep eutectic solvent (DES). Next, 3-propyl-1-vinylimidazolium molecular units were anchored and polymerized in the presence of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) using chloramphenicol (CAP) as the template. Primarily, we investigated the effect of the molar ratio of individual precursors on the adsorption capacity of synthesized materials and accordingly fabricated the electrochemical sensor for CAP detection. Electrochemical results evidenced that the covalent bonding of MIP units enhanced the sensitivity of the respective sensor toward CAP in water as well as in real honey samples with high selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. This synthesis strategy involves the covalent binding of MIP on rGO materials via click chemisty under sonication power excluding harmful solvents and energy-intensive processes and thus could be a motivation for developing future electrochemical sensors through similar "green" routes.

An Optimized MnO2-Ag Nanocomposite-Based Sensing Platform for Determination of 4-nitrophenol in Tomato Samples: Influences of Morphological Aspect of MnO2 Nanostructures and Synergic Effect on Electrochemical Kinetic Parameters and Analytical Performance

“…It can be seen that the in the absence of 4-NP molecules, no any detectable redox peaks appeared on CV curves, while, in the presence of 4-NP molecules, several strong characteristic cathode peaks were observed at both three modified electrodes in the potential range from −0.74 to −0.8 V. These peaks were created from the direct irreversible reduction process of the nitro group to the hydroxyamino group, which occurred on the electrode surface as mentioned in some previous reports for the reduction of 4-NP. [36][37][38][39] However, the observable difference was recorded at the reduction of current intensity in CV response of 4-NP at all three electrodes. Indeed, MnO 2 sheets-Ag/SPE exhibited the highest current response of approximately 21.18 μA, whereas, in the case of MnO 2 rods-Ag/ SPE and MnO 2 wires-Ag/SPE the much smaller current intensities were observed at about 12.1 and 15.56 μA, respectively (Fig.…”

“…This phenomenon was explained due to the significant formation of a diffusion layer on the electrode/electrolyte interface, resulting in the electron/charge transfer process at the higher scan rates being limited and the increase in the internal diffusion resistance. [39][40][41][42] More importantly, a good linear dependence between peak current response (I p -μA) and scan rate (ν) was described with the linear regression equations (Figs. 6a′-6c′), confirming that the electrode reaction is an adsorption-controlled process nature rather than diffusion process.…”

Synergistic Applications of Graphene-Based Materials and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Sustainable Sensing: A Comprehensive Review

“…More recently, a new method to immobilize MIPs on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through covalent bonding has been proposed by Cao and colleagues [ 105 ]. MIPs are frequently used in electrochemical sensing, as they can be engineered to selectively detect a solute analyte.…”

“…They obtained a heightened sensitivity and specificity by achieving relatively low current intensities in the presence of the interfering molecules. More recently, a new method to immobilize MIPs on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through covalent bonding has been proposed by Cao and colleagues [105]. MIPs are frequently used in electrochemical sensing, as they can be engineered to selectively detect a solute analyte.…”

Ciprofloxacin Electrochemical Sensor Using Copper–Iron Mixed Metal Oxides Nanoparticles/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite

“…Electrochemical sensors are a group of low-cost, lightweight, and mobile devices that can serve as an ideal platform for the detection of antibiotics. − The devices utilize electrochemical reactions and interactions between a target chemical and a sensitive element to generate the sensing signal . Bagheri et al synthesized an electrochemical sensor using magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs) and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a sensitive element for CIP detection.…”