Covalently modified enzymatic 3D-printed bioelectrode

Abstract

printing has showed great potential for the construction of electrochemical sensor devices. However, reported 3D-printed biosensors are usually constructed by physical adsorption and needed immobilizing reagents on the surface of functional materials. To construct the 3D-printed biosensors, the simple modification of the 3D-printed device by non-expert is mandatory to take advantage of the remote, distributed 3D printing manufacturing. Here, a 3D-printed electrode was prepared by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique and activated by chemical and electrochemical methods. A glucose oxidase-based 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode was prepared by covalent linkage method to an enzyme on the surface of the 3Dprinted electrode to enable biosensing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the glucose oxidase-based biosensor. Direct electrochemistry glucose oxidase-based biosensor with higher stability was then chosen to detect the two biomarkers, hydrogen peroxide and glucose by chronoamperometry. The prepared glucose oxidase-based biosensor was further used for the detection of glucose in samples of apple cider. The covalently linked glucose oxidase 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode as a biosensor showed excellent stability. This work can open new doors for the covalent modification of 3D-printed electrodes in other electrochemistry fields such as biosensors, energy, and biocatalysis. Keywords 3D-printed electrode . Electrochemical detection . Covalent modification . Hydrogen peroxide . Glucose This article is part of the Topical Collection on 3D printing manufacturing technologies for the advancement of analytical sciences * Martin Pumera

Recent progress of biosensors for the detection of lung cancer markers

“…If the detection target is DNA since the DNA is negatively charged, a negatively charged layer will be formed on the surface of the electrode, the resistance will increase, and the resistance value obtained by EIS will also change accordingly. Nanomaterials such as metals, metal oxides, carbon, nanocomposites, graphite electrodes, 161 glassy carbon electrodes, carbon paste electrodes, 162 nanowires, 114 and paper-based electrodes 163,164 have been used to develop EIS biosensors.…”

Advances in 3D Gel Printing for Enzyme Immobilization

“…Because of its electrical properties, carbon-based PLA filament has been widely used to make electrodes for sensors and fuel cells. Pumera [ 41 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] and co-workers 3D printed a series of electrodes using graphene/PLA or carbon black/PLA composite filament for immobilization of various enzymes, which confer bio-recognition properties to the biosensors. To improve the electroconductivity, the insulating PLA phase was digested enzymatically with proteinase-K, or treated with a combination of solvent, sonication, and electrochemical activation.…”

“…Raw materials used for FDM are in the form of thermoplastic filaments, polymer powders or pellets. Because the high extrusion temperature denatures (inactivates) most enzymes, post-printing immobilization is the preferred method for immobilizing enzymes on supports formed by FDM [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. As shown in Figure 1 Ab, DIW uses pneumatic or mechanical force to extrude a wide variety of fluidic materials.…”

Exploration of defined 2-dimensional working electrode shapes through additive manufacturing

“…The HET rate constants, k °obs , were calculated as an average of 3 sets of 10 different scan rates (5,10,15,25,50, 75, 100, 150, 250 and 500 mV s −1 ), where each set used a new AME. These were performed using the near ideal outer-sphere redox probe RuHex (in 0.1 M KCl) using the well-known 31 and widely utilised Nicholson method, 32 for quasi-reversible electrochemical reactions via the following formula: 33…”

“…Electrochemical cycling, 8 laser treatment 16 or chemical reductions 17 are often the applied strategies to remove the excess of plastic to unveil and increase the amount of carbon within the surface of the working electrode. Since the application of AM to the electrochemistry field, majority of the experimentalists do not use a defined electrode area for their experiments, being the "lollipop" design the most common due to its easiness of printing 14,15,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and similarities to the well-studied screenprinted platforms. The lollipop design is a simple flat disc with a rectangular tab for connecting the electrode to the potentiostat, being an easy to design and print figure.…”