COVID-19: an Immunopathological View

Kadkhoda, Kamran

doi:10.1128/msphere.00344-20

Cited by 75 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…This meta-analysis provides evidence that hypoimmune states could be associated with a more severe form of COVID-19, and that immunoglobulins are more effective against severe COVID-19. Our results are consistent with some previous descriptive reviews [21][22][23] . In addition, this study has important clinical implications.…”

supporting

confidence: 94%

Immune status could be associated with severity in COVID-19 patients

Liu

Yang

Wang

et al. 2020

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

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supporting

confidence: 94%

Immune status could be associated with severity in COVID-19 patients

Liu

Yang

Wang

et al. 2020

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

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“…Progression to multi-organ failure in these patients is closely associated with an extremely increased plasma level of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines termed as cytokine release syndrome. The cytokine storm is remarkably associated with the critical condition of COVID-19 patients as evident from clinical studies [14,15]. Radiological findings of COVID-19 pneumonia patients clearly indicate a strong inflammatory response in the lower respiratory tract leading to pulmonary damage [16].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Virus Entry Into Cells and Clinical Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 97%

An Assessment on Impact of COVID-19 Infection in a Gender Specific Manner

Agrawal

Das

Nathani

et al. 2020

Stem Cell Rev and Rep

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by novel coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first time reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and thereafter quickly spread across the globe. Till September 19, 2020, COVID-19 has spread to 216 countries and territories. Severe infection of SARS-CoV-2 cause extreme increase in inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that may lead to multi-organ damage and respiratory failure. Currently, no specific treatment and authorized vaccines are available for its treatment. Renin angiotensin system holds a promising role in human physiological system specifically in regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid balance. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with Renin angiotensin system by utilizing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for its cellular entry. This interaction hampers the protective action of ACE2 in the cells and causes injuries to organs due to persistent angiotensin II (Ang-II) level. Patients with certain comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are under the high risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality. Moreover, evidence obtained from several reports also suggests higher susceptibility of male patients for COVID-19 mortality and other acute viral infections compared to females. Analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) epidemiological data also indicate a gender-based preference in disease consequences. The current review addresses the possible mechanisms responsible for higher COVID-19 mortality among male patients. The major underlying aspects that was looked into includes smoking, genetic factors, and the impact of reproductive hormones on immune systems and inflammatory responses. Detailed investigations of this gender disparity could provide insight into the development of patient tailored therapeutic approach which would be helpful in improving the poor outcomes of COVID-19.

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“…32 There is a hypothesis that age-related COVID-19 infection may be related to the presence of a higher amount of C-reactive protein (CRP) in adults than children and CD32a is also the receptor for CRP. 33,34 ADE in the case of SARS-CoV-2 can occur due to the priming caused by other coronaviruses, leading to development of nonneutralizing or poorly neutralizing antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 had shown 79% identity with SARS-CoV and about 50% with MERS-CoV based on whole-genome analysis while there was 87.99% identity with bat-SL-CoVZC45.…”

Section: Role Of Ade In Sars-cov-2: What Has Been Learned So Far?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 and its mitigation strategies for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies to counter COVID-19

Karthik

Senthilkumar

Udhayavel

et al. 2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global threat and death tolls are increasing worldwide. The SARS-CoV-2 though shares similarities with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, immunopathology of the novel virus is not understood properly. Previous reports from SARS and MERS-CoV documents that preexisting, non-neutralizing or poorly neutralizing antibodies developed as a result of vaccine or infection enhance subsequent infection, a phenomenon called as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Since immunotherapy has been implicated for COVID-19 treatment and vaccine is under development, due consideration has to be provided on ADE to prevent untoward reactions. ADE mitigation strategies like the development of vaccine or immunotherapeutics targeting receptor binding motif can be designed to minimize ADE of SARS-CoV-2 since full-length protein-based approach can lead to ADE as reported in MERS-CoV. The present mini-review aims to address the phenomenon of ADE of SARS-CoV-2 through the lessons learned from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and ways to mitigate them so as to develop better vaccines and immunotherapeutics against SARS-CoV-2.

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COVID-19: an Immunopathological View

Cited by 75 publications

References 25 publications

Immune status could be associated with severity in COVID-19 patients

Immune status could be associated with severity in COVID-19 patients

An Assessment on Impact of COVID-19 Infection in a Gender Specific Manner

Role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 and its mitigation strategies for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies to counter COVID-19

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