COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response: The Long-Term Impact

Harky, Amer; Ala'Aldeen, Avesta; SundasButt,; Duric, Bea; Roy, Sakshi; Zeinah, Mohamed

doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101756

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…The hematological consequences of COVID-19 are of serious concern, as they present significant lymphopenia and cluster of differentiation (CD) 8+ T-cell dysfunction, which eventually lead to a cytokine storm and a compromised immune system [76]. There is a considerable increase in mortality risk associated with COVID-induced neutrophilia, which is most likely in the context of bacterial superinfection with opportunistic pathogens, all of which are particularly concerning [77]. Up to 75% of severely sick COVID-19 patients in intensive care units (ICUs) have been found to have neutropenia and lymphopenia with the persistence of these blood counts for more than 6 weeks after discharge, and those who passed away had lymphocyte counts that were continuously declining by the time of death [77,78].…”

Section: Cell Count Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review

Negrut,

Menegas,

Kampioti

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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(1) Background: COVID-19 was responsible for the latest pandemic, shaking and reshaping healthcare systems worldwide. Its late clinical manifestations make it linger in medical memory as a debilitating illness over extended periods. (2) Methods: the recent literature was systematically analyzed to categorize and examine the symptomatology and pathophysiology of Long COVID across various bodily systems, including pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, dermatological, renal, hematological, and endocrinological aspects. (3) Results: The review outlines the diverse clinical manifestations of Long COVID across multiple systems, emphasizing its complexity and challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Factors such as pre-existing conditions, initial COVID-19 severity, vaccination status, gender, and age were identified as influential in the manifestation and persistence of Long COVID symptoms. This condition is highlighted as a debilitating disease capable of enduring over an extended period and presenting new symptoms over time. (4) Conclusions: Long COVID emerges as a condition with intricate multi-systemic involvement, complicating its diagnosis and treatment. The findings underscore the necessity for a nuanced understanding of its diverse manifestations to effectively manage and address the evolving nature of this condition over time.

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Section: Cell Count Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review

Negrut,

Menegas,

Kampioti

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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show abstract

“…In the last few years, more than 750 million cases of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) have been recorded worldwide and three billion people have been vaccinated. 1 , 2 Common symptoms at the onset of COVID‐19 include fever, cough without or without sputum, sore throat, nasal congestion, dizziness, shortness of breath, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. 3 In fact, the clinical course of this disease can range from asymptomatic infection to severe and even fatal illness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated level of circulating calprotectin correlates with severity and high mortality in patients with COVID‐19

Zhang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Immunity Inflam & Disease

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BackgroundPatients with coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) are characterized by hyperinflammation. Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) is a calcium‐ and zinc‐binding protein mainly secreted by neutrophilic granulocytes or macrophages and has been suggested to be correlated with the severity and prognosis of COVID‐19.AimTo thoroughly evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic utility of calprotectin in patients with COVID‐19 by analyzing relevant studies.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched from inception to August 1, 2023 to retrieve studies about the application of calprotectin in COVID‐19. Useful data such as the level of calprotectin in different groups and the diagnostic efficacy of this biomarker for severe COVID‐19 were extracted and aggregated by using Stata 16.0 software.ResultsFifteen studies were brought into this meta‐analysis. First, the pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used to estimate the differences in the levels of circulating calprotectin between patients with severe and non‐severe COVID‐19. The results showed an overall estimate of 1.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–2.60). Diagnostic information was extracted from 11 studies, and the pooled sensitivity and specificity of calprotectin for diagnosing severe COVID‐19 were 0.75 (95% CI: 0.64–0.84) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79–0.94), respectively. The AUC was 0.89 and the pooled DOR was 18.44 (95% CI: 9.07–37.51). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between elevated levels of circulating calprotectin and a higher risk of mortality outcomes in COVID‐19 patients (odds ratio: 8.60, 95% CI: 2.17–34.12; p < 0.1).ConclusionThis meta‐analysis showed that calprotectin was elevated in patients with severe COVID‐19, and this atypical inflammatory cytokine might serve as a useful biomarker to distinguish the severity of COVID‐19 and predict the prognosis.

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Effects of SARS-COV-2 on molecules involved in vascularization and autophagy in placenta tissues

Simioni,

Sanz,

Gafà

et al. 2024

J Mol Histol

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SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered as a multi-organ disease, and several studies highlighted the relevance of the virus infection in the induction of vascular injury and tissue morphological alterations, including placenta. In this study, immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on placenta samples derived from women with COVID-19 infection at delivery (SARS-CoV-2 PCR+) or women healed from a COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2 negative at delivery, SARS-CoV-2 PCR-) or women who gave birth before 2019 (Control). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, Cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), endothelial CD34 marker, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and total Microtubule-associated protein 1 Light Chain 3B marker (LC3B) were investigated in parallel with SPIKE protein by standard IHC. Multiplexed Immunohistochemical Consecutive Staining on Single Slide (MICSSS) was used to examine antigen co-expression in the same specimen. SPIKE protein was detected in villi and decidua from women with ongoing infection, with no significant differences in SPIKE staining between both biopsy sites. VEGF was significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2 PCR + biopsies compared to control and SARS-CoV-2 PCR- samples, and MICSSS method showed the co-localization of SPIKE with VEGF and CD34. The induction of autophagy, as suggested by the LC3B increase in SARS-CoV-2 PCR + biopsies and the co-expression of LC3B with SPIKE protein, may explain one of the different mechanisms by which placenta may react to infection. These data could provide important information on the impact that SARS-CoV-2 may have on the placenta and mother-to-fetus transmission.

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COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response: The Long-Term Impact

Cited by 11 publications

References 97 publications

The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review

The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review

Elevated level of circulating calprotectin correlates with severity and high mortality in patients with COVID‐19

Effects of SARS-COV-2 on molecules involved in vascularization and autophagy in placenta tissues

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