COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among the General Population of India

Joseph, Jaison; Sharma, Suresh K.; Dhandapani, Manju; Varghese, Abin; Radha, K; Mathews, Elezebeth; Varkey, BijiP

doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_1365_21

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Only studies conducted with validated, standardized screening tools were included. Around 33% of the overall population reported experiencing psychological stress [ 16 ]. Higher levels of psychological distress were found in the current study, highlighting the need for further research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the Adult Population in the Rural Area of Perambalur: A Cross-Sectional Study

Jaffer¹,

Muniyapillai²,

Kulothungan³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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BackgroundThe global COVID-19 pandemic has been incredibly destructive, especially for mental health. The lockdown measures required people to stay in their homes. This lifestyle caused them to become sedentary, which could have an impact on both their physical and mental well-being. We used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) to measure the physical activity (PA) and mental health of adults in Perambalur, India, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methodsThe researchers conducted a cross-sectional investigation among people ages 15-60 years old from September 2021 to February 2022. In this study, we included 400 individuals through the method of convenient sampling. We conducted a population-based survey in which a semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather information on the age, gender, weight, height, physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire {IPAQ}), and mental health (General Health Questionnaire-12 {GHQ-12}) of the participants. We conducted an analysis of the data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY). ResultsMost of the participants (65.8%) were female, and 69.5% belonged to the age group of 20-24 years; their mean age was 23 years. Physical activity was scored using the IPAQ, and we divided the participants into three categories: 37%, insufficient; 58%, sufficient; and 5%, high activity. The GHQ-12 assessment revealed that around half of the participants (47.8%) had psychological distress. In a bivariate analysis, those in the 15-19 and 24-29 age groups reported more distress than those in the other age groups (p = 0.006). Those who engaged in sufficient physical activity (54.7%) reported more distress than those who engaged in high (25%) or insufficient activity (p = 0.002). ConclusionNearly half of the participants experienced psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Those who were engaging in sufficient physical activity experienced higher levels of distress than those with high and insufficient activities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the Adult Population in the Rural Area of Perambalur: A Cross-Sectional Study

Jaffer¹,

Muniyapillai²,

Kulothungan³

et al. 2023

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In our study prevalence of psychological distress using IES -R was mild in (7.08 %) of the study participants and moderate in (1.06 %) of the study participants. A study done by Sharma et al [10] on psychological distress during COVID-19 in public in India showed that approximately 33 % reported having psychological distress. Wang et al [11] conducted a study among 1210 respondents and found that 53.8 % had a psychological impact as moderate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A community-based cross-sectional study of COVID-19 and psychological distress using the impact of event scale revised among recovered patients of COVID-19

Mushtaq

Jan

Bhat

et al. 2023

SR:MS

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COVID-19 infection is a potentially traumatic experience in terms of the risk of running a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in addition to the social implications of the disease in terms of being isolated and follow up of strict quarantine measures of close contact. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of psychological distress and its risk factors in patients who develop COVID-19 infection. There is scanty evidence regarding the magnitude of COVID-19-related psychological distress (PD) among the general population of India, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a Mental Disorder that develops after a traumatic event that has a life-threatening impact. The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19 infection. Material and methods: This study was conducted among 672 COVID-19 survivors of district Budgam from (March to August 2020). They were contacted by telephone, and psychological distress in the post-COVID recovery period was assessed using the IES-R scale. This is a 22-item scale, and each item is rated on a scale ranging from 0-4. Suitable Statistical Analysis was done to analyze risk factors for the development of any psychological distress. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Study design: Cross-sectional study from District Budgam of Kashmir Division. Study tool: using the IES-R scale for PTSD. Result: In our study prevalence of psychological distress using IES –R was mild in (7.08 %) of the study participants and moderate in (1.06 %) of the study participants. Psychological distress in study participants was examined by age, sex, employment status, family history, COVID-19 disease status and history of hospitalization. No statistical significance between age, gender, days of hospitalization and PTSD was seen. However, statistical significance with the IES–R score was seen between family history and the presence and absence of symptoms in the study subjects. Conclusion: As the pandemic crisis seems to be ebbing, the current findings help us to identify risk factors and devise pragmatic strategies to curtail the burden of mental issues and successfully meet the challenges that follow the pandemic

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COVID-19 and common mental health symptoms in the early phase of the pandemic: An umbrella review of the evidence

et al. 2023

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Background There remains uncertainty about the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on mental health. This umbrella review provides a comprehensive overview of the association between the pandemic and common mental disorders. We qualitatively summarized evidence from reviews with meta-analyses of individual study-data in the general population, healthcare workers, and specific at-risk populations. Methods and findings A systematic search was carried out in 5 databases for peer-reviewed systematic reviews with meta-analyses of prevalence of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms during the pandemic published between December 31, 2019 until August 12, 2022. We identified 123 reviews of which 7 provided standardized mean differences (SMDs) either from longitudinal pre- to during pandemic study-data or from cross-sectional study-data compared to matched pre-pandemic data. Methodological quality rated with the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews checklist scores (AMSTAR 2) instrument was generally low to moderate. Small but significant increases of depression, anxiety, and/or general mental health symptoms were reported in the general population, in people with preexisting physical health conditions, and in children (3 reviews; SMDs ranged from 0.11 to 0.28). Mental health and depression symptoms significantly increased during periods of social restrictions (1 review; SMDs of 0.41 and 0.83, respectively) but anxiety symptoms did not (SMD: 0.26). Increases of depression symptoms were generally larger and longer-lasting during the pandemic (3 reviews; SMDs depression ranged from 0.16 to 0.23) than those of anxiety (2 reviews: SMDs 0.12 and 0.18). Females showed a significantly larger increase in anxiety symptoms than males (1 review: SMD 0.15). In healthcare workers, people with preexisting mental disorders, any patient group, children and adolescents, and in students, no significant differences from pre- to during pandemic were found (2 reviews; SMD’s ranging from −0.16 to 0.48). In 116 reviews pooled cross-sectional prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms ranged from 9% to 48% across populations. Although heterogeneity between studies was high and largely unexplained, assessment tools and cut-offs used, age, sex or gender, and COVID-19 exposure factors were found to be moderators in some reviews. The major limitations are the inability to quantify and explain the high heterogeneity across reviews included and the shortage of within-person data from multiple longitudinal studies. Conclusions A small but consistent deterioration of mental health and particularly depression during early pandemic and during social restrictions has been found in the general population and in people with chronic somatic disorders. Also, associations between mental health and the pandemic were stronger in females and younger age groups than in others. Explanatory individual-level, COVID-19 exposure, and time-course factors were scarce and showed inconsistencies across reviews. For policy and research, repeated assessments of mental health in population panels including vulnerable individuals are recommended to respond to current and future health crises.

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COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among the General Population of India

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

The Effect of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the Adult Population in the Rural Area of Perambalur: A Cross-Sectional Study

The Effect of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the Adult Population in the Rural Area of Perambalur: A Cross-Sectional Study

A community-based cross-sectional study of COVID-19 and psychological distress using the impact of event scale revised among recovered patients of COVID-19

COVID-19 and common mental health symptoms in the early phase of the pandemic: An umbrella review of the evidence

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