COVID-19 and syndemic challenges in ‘Battling the Big Three’: HIV, TB and malaria

Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P.; Meyer, Christian G.; Esen, Meral; Kremsner, Peter G.; Ntoumi, Francine

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.071

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In accordance with the conceptual framework, four major themes likely play an important role for the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in SSA: (1) diagnostical and clinical aspects; (2) access to health care services; (3) availability of curative and preventive malaria commodities; and, (4) impact on malaria prevention programmes. While diagnostical and clinical aspects will play an obvious role due to the overlapping symptoms of both diseases [ 27 , 70 , 71 ], therapeutic aspects related to initial misperceptions regarding the efficacy of certain anti-malarials against COVID-19 may have been overemphasized [ 25 , 36 ]. Co-infection with malaria may complicate COVID-19, while immunomodulation caused by previous malaria exposure may result in less severe COVID-19, as was previously also shown in other respiratory diseases [ 72 – 75 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health-relevant consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

Heuschen

Razum

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented challenges to health systems worldwide, including the control of non-COVID-19 diseases. Malaria cases and deaths may increase due to the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic in malaria-endemic countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This scoping review aims to summarize information on public health-relevant effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the malaria situation in SSA. Methods Review of publications and manuscripts on preprint servers, in peer-reviewed journals and in grey literature documents from 1 December, 2019 to 9 June, 2021. A structured search was conducted on different databases using predefined eligibility criteria for the selection of articles. Results A total of 51 papers have been included in the analysis. Modelling papers have predicted a significant increase in malaria cases and malaria deaths in SSA due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many papers provided potential explanations for expected COVID-19 effects on the malaria burden; these ranged from relevant diagnostical and clinical aspects to reduced access to health care services, impaired availability of curative and preventive commodities and medications, and effects on malaria prevention campaigns. Compared to previous years, fewer country reports provided data on the actual number of malaria cases and deaths in 2020, with mixed results. While highly endemic countries reported evidence of decreased malaria cases in health facilities, low endemic countries reported overall higher numbers of malaria cases and deaths in 2020. Conclusions The findings from this review provide evidence for a significant but diverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in SSA. There is the need to further investigate the public health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the malaria burden. Protocol registered on Open Science Framework: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/STQ9D

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health-relevant consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

Heuschen

Razum

et al. 2021

Malar J

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“…Autores destacam que o impacto indireto da COVID-19 -tanto nas arboviroses 37 como em outras doenças como malária, HIV/aids e tuberculose 41 -tende a ser maior do que os impactos biológicos diretos. O medo do contágio e a restrição na procura por atendimento pode levar ao aumento de casos graves e ampliar a sobrecarga dos sistemas de saúde 37 .…”

Section: Sindemia Da Covid-19 E Outras Dipunclassified

COVID-19 como sindemia: modelo teórico e fundamentos para a abordagem abrangente em saúde

Júnior

Santos

2021

Cad. Saúde Pública

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Este ensaio tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir o quadro teórico da sindemia da COVID-19. Na primeira parte, são apresentados os fundamentos e princípios da teoria sindêmica. Adotou-se o conceito de sindemia como processo de interação sinérgica entre duas ou mais doenças, no qual os efeitos se potencializam mutuamente. Foram discutidas as três principais tipologias de interação sindêmica: epidemias mutuamente causais; epidemias interagindo sinergicamente; e epidemias causais em série. Na segunda parte, a COVID-19 é analisada como uma sindemia resultante da interação entre vários grupos de doenças e o contexto socioeconômico. O modelo teórico considerou a interação entre COVID-19 e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, doenças infecciosas e parasitárias e problemas de saúde mental. Abordou-se como as iniquidades sociais e as condições de vulnerabilidade atuam em diversos níveis e potencializam a atuação da COVID-19 e das demais pandemias. Na última seção, discute-se a necessidade de respostas abrangentes, multisetoriais e integradas ao enfrentamento da COVID-19. Foi apresentado um modelo de intervenção envolvendo as dimensões assistencial e socioeconômica. No âmbito assistencial, defendeu-se a estruturação de sistemas de saúde fortes, responsivos e acessíveis a toda a população. A dimensão econômica e social abordou o resgate dos ideais de solidariedade, da estratégia da promoção da saúde e a ênfase sobre os determinantes sociais. Conclui-se que as lições aprendidas com a abordagem sindêmica da COVID-19 exortam governos e a sociedade para o desenvolvimento de políticas que articulem intervenções clínicas, sanitárias, socioeconômicas e ambientais.

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“…Elevated angiotensin II levels have been shown to have pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic properties, resulting in poor clinical outcomes [ 175 ]. Equally, studies highlight the importance of a genetic deletion/insertion of a 285 bp Alu repeat sequence in intron 16 of the ACE gene fragment insertion (I allele) or the absence (D allele) [ 176 ]. ACE D allele was shown to increase expression of ACE2, and the D allele associated with COVID-19 severity [ 177 ] as well as frequency of hypoxia in SARS [ 178 ].…”

Section: Covid 19: Relevance Of Host Genetic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ACE D allele was shown to increase expression of ACE2, and the D allele associated with COVID-19 severity [ 177 ] as well as frequency of hypoxia in SARS [ 178 ]. The ACE I/D allele distribution (rs4646994, ACE I/D polymorphism) from the Allele Frequency Database (ALFRED) ( https://alfred.med.yale.edu/alfred/index.asp ) shows that ACE D frequency is high in African ethnic groups [ 176 ]. Coding variants within the ACE2 gene have been investigated in genetic association studies, in vitro and in silico, but no risk variants have been determined to date [ 179 ].…”

Section: Covid 19: Relevance Of Host Genetic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host factors facilitating SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infection and replication in the lungs

Boutin

Hildebrand

Boulant

et al. 2021

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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SARS-CoV-2 is the virus causing the major pandemic facing the world today. Although, SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes lung infection, a variety of symptoms have proven a systemic impact on the body. SARS-CoV-2 has spread in the community quickly infecting humans from all age, ethnicities and gender. However, fatal outcomes have been linked to specific host factors and co-morbidities such as age, hypertension, immuno-deficiencies, chronic lung diseases or metabolic disorders. A major shift in the microbiome of patients suffering of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have also been observed and is linked to a worst outcome of the disease. As many co-morbidities are already known to be associated with a dysbiosis of the microbiome such as hypertension, diabetes and metabolic disorders. Host factors and microbiome changes are believed to be involved as a network in the acquisition of the infection and the development of the diseases. We will review in detail in this manuscript, the immune response toward SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the host factors involved in the facilitation and worsening of the infection. We will also address the impact of COVID-19 on the host’s microbiome and secondary infection which also worsen the disease.

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COVID-19 and syndemic challenges in ‘Battling the Big Three’: HIV, TB and malaria

Cited by 43 publications

References 45 publications

Public health-relevant consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

Public health-relevant consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

COVID-19 como sindemia: modelo teórico e fundamentos para a abordagem abrangente em saúde

Host factors facilitating SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infection and replication in the lungs

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