2020
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14170
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COVID‐19 and Vitamin D: A lesson from the skin

Abstract: The COVID-19 is currently the foremost health issue in the world. SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) is an enveloped positive strain RNA virus in the family Coronaviridae, which also includes the virus SARS-CoV-1 (which was another outbreak in 2002-2003). [1] COVID-19 has a fatality rate up to ~5%, which is several times higher than influenza. [2,3] The leading cause of death in the patients is due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [2] induced by pro-inflammatory responses a… Show more

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Cited by 60 publications
(55 citation statements)
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References 71 publications
(128 reference statements)
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“…From the physiological perspective, the possible protective role of vitamin D against viral infections such as COVID-19 may be attributed to its modulating effects on the innate and adaptive immune system ( 5 , 6 ). These immunomodulatory effects are well characterized since the detection of vitamin D receptors on a wide range of immune cells, such as macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells as well as T and B lymphocytes ( 1 , 23 ). On one side, vitamin D boosts innate immunity through the stimulation of gene expression of numerous peptides such as cathelicidins, IL-37 and defensins.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…From the physiological perspective, the possible protective role of vitamin D against viral infections such as COVID-19 may be attributed to its modulating effects on the innate and adaptive immune system ( 5 , 6 ). These immunomodulatory effects are well characterized since the detection of vitamin D receptors on a wide range of immune cells, such as macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells as well as T and B lymphocytes ( 1 , 23 ). On one side, vitamin D boosts innate immunity through the stimulation of gene expression of numerous peptides such as cathelicidins, IL-37 and defensins.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and the CYP11A1-derived metabolites can affect immune functions (39), and much evidence supports their potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities (45). insufficiency and more severe COVID-19 disease remains speculative, there is increasing evidence in support of the potential role of classical and alternative forms of vitamin D in damping down the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm) and oxidative stress induced by COVID-19 infection and thus mitigating their harmful effects (45).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Significant debate has been published across multiple journals, including the Irish Medical Journal ( 246 – 248 ) and Nutrients ( 160 , 249 , 250 ) on what are safe doses of vitamin D that could provide protection from COVID-19. Some suggest that very high bolus doses are likely to be safe in ventilated, critically ill patients, based on reports that doses of 250,000–500,000 IU vitamin D were associated with reduced length of stay in hospital, and increased blood oxygen levels [reviewed by ( 251 , 252 )]. Others are more circumspect around dosing, calling for multi-center randomized controlled trials to help define safe and effective doses for COVID-19 ( 253 ).…”
Section: Vitamin D and Covid-19mentioning
confidence: 99%