COVID-19-associated encephalopathy: Neurological manifestation of COVID-19

Mazrouei, Safaa Saeed Al; Saeed, Ghufran; Helali, Abeer Ahmed Al; Ahmed, Manzoor

doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2020.07.009

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…More specifically, in research studies, encephalopathy is defined as altered consciousness lasting over 24 h, including personality and behavioral changes, lethargy, and irritability [82]. There have been several cases of COVID-19-associated encephalopathy documented [55,[103][104][105].…”

Section: Other Encephalopathiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19-Associated Neurological Disorders: The Potential Route of CNS Invasion and Blood-Brain Barrier Relevance

Achar

Ghosh

2020

Cells

143

136

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel human coronavirus that has sparked a global pandemic of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). The virus invades human cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-driven pathway, primarily targeting the human respiratory tract. However, emerging reports of neurological manifestations demonstrate the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. This review highlights the possible routes by which SARS-CoV-2 may invade the central nervous system (CNS) and provides insight into recent case reports of COVID-19-associated neurological disorders, namely ischaemic stroke, encephalitis, encephalopathy, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory-mediated neurological disorders. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction may be implicated in the development of the observed disorders; however, further research is critical to understand the detailed mechanisms and pathway of infectivity behind CNS pathogenesis.

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Section: Other Encephalopathiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19-Associated Neurological Disorders: The Potential Route of CNS Invasion and Blood-Brain Barrier Relevance

Achar

Ghosh

2020

Cells

143

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Women additionally produce more antibodies that persist in the circulation for an extended period than men [37]. It has been revealed that sex hormones can additionally modulate ACE-2 expression and immune response [7]. Estrogen (female sex hormone) has been regarded as an immunostimulant, while testosterone (male sex hormone) is an immunosuppressant toward viral infection [137].…”

Section: Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging COVID-19 Neurological Manifestations: Present Outlook and Potential Neurological Challenges in COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2021

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The unremitting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) marked a year-long phase of public health adversaries and has severely compromised healthcare globally. Early evidence of COVID-19 noted its impact on the pulmonary and cardiovascular functions, while multiple studies in recent time shed light on its substantial neurological complications, though a comprehensive understanding of the cause(s), the mechanism(s), and their neuropathological outcomes is scarce. In the present review, we conferred evidence of neurological complications in COVID-19 patients and shed light on the SARS-CoV-2 infection routes including the hematogenous, direct/neuronal, lymphatic tissue or cerebrospinal fluid, or infiltration through infected immune cells, while the underlying mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 invasion to the central nervous system (CNS) was also discussed. In an up-to-date manner, we further reviewed the impact of COVID-19 in developing diverse neurologic manifestations associated with CNS, peripheral nervous system (PNS), skeletal muscle, and also pre-existing neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and myasthenia gravis. Furthermore, we discussed the involvement of key factors including age, sex, comorbidity, and disease severity in exacerbating the neurologic manifestations in COVID-19 patients. An outlook of present therapeutic strategies and state of existing challenges in COVID-19 management was also accessed. Conclusively, the present report provides a comprehensive review of COVID-19-related neurological complications and emphasizes the need for their early clinical management in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords COVID-19 • SARS-CoV-2 • CNS • PNS • Neuroinvasion • COVID-19 pandemic • Neurological complications Highlights• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated complications involve substantial neurological manifestations.• SARS-CoV-2 infection routes include the hematogenous, neuronal, lymphatic tissue/cerebrospinal fluid, or infiltration through infected immune cells.• COVID-19 promotes neurologic manifestations associated with the central and peripheral nervous system and exacerbates the pre-existing neurological and neurodegenerative conditions. • Patient's age, sex, comorbidity, and severity of the infection are key factors that determine the extent of neurologic manifestations in COVID-19 patients.

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“…anoxia, ischemia, metabolic disorders, etc. ), and is typically reversible ( Al Mazrouei et al, 2020 ). Encephalitis is characterized by typically focal brain alterations, with or without meningeal involvement, with different possible causes (infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, paraneoplastic, etc.…”

Section: Neurological Clinical Manifestations Of Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological consequences of COVID-19 and brain related pathogenic mechanisms: A new challenge for neuroscience

Sarubbo

Vidal-Balle

et al. 2022

Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

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COVID-19-associated encephalopathy: Neurological manifestation of COVID-19

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

COVID-19-Associated Neurological Disorders: The Potential Route of CNS Invasion and Blood-Brain Barrier Relevance

COVID-19-Associated Neurological Disorders: The Potential Route of CNS Invasion and Blood-Brain Barrier Relevance

Emerging COVID-19 Neurological Manifestations: Present Outlook and Potential Neurological Challenges in COVID-19 Pandemic

Neurological consequences of COVID-19 and brain related pathogenic mechanisms: A new challenge for neuroscience

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