COVID 19 can spread through breathing, talking, study estimates

Ningthoujam, Ramananda

doi:10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.05.003

Cited by 59 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…More recently, the concerns over airborne infections have resurfaced with the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). It was reported that bioaerosols carrying SARS-CoV2 could remain suspended in the air for a few hours [ 6 ]. Several groups have also detected SARS-CoV2 RNA in air samples collected in hospital rooms, supporting the potential transmission of SARS-CoV2 via aerosols in indoor environments [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of influenza virus in air samples of patient rooms

Chamseddine

Soudani

Kanafani

et al. 2021

Journal of Hospital Infection

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Background Understanding the transmission and dispersal of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) via aerosols is essential for the development of preventative measures in hospital environments and healthcare facilities. Methods During the 2017-2018 influenza season, patients with confirmed influenza or RSV infections were enrolled. Room air samples were collected close to (0.30 m) and far (2.20 m) from the patient’s head. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect and quantify viral particles in the air samples. Plaque assay was used to determine the infectiousness of the detected viruses. Findings Fifty-one air samples were collected from the rooms of 29 patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza; 51% of the samples tested positive for influenza A virus (IAV). Among IAV-positive patients, 65% were emitters (have at least one positive air sample) reflecting a higher risk of nosocomial transmission compared to non-emitters. The majority (61.5%) of the IAV-positive air samples were collected at 0.3 m distance from the patients’ head, while the remaining were collected at 2.2 m. The positivity rate of IAV in air samplers was influenced by the distance from the patient’s head and the day of collection post-hospital admission. Only three patients with RSV infection were recruited and none were emitters. Conclusion This study demonstrates that influenza can be aerosolized beyond one meter in patient rooms, a distance considered to be safe by infection control practices. Further investigations are needed to determine the extent of infectivity of the aerosolized virus particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of influenza virus in air samples of patient rooms

Chamseddine

Soudani

Kanafani

et al. 2021

Journal of Hospital Infection

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“…The transmission of COVID-19 takes place by inhaling the respiratory droplets coming from the coughing or sneezing of an infected person. 2 It is unknown when COVID-19 spread to Bangladesh. However, the first three cases were reported on March 8, 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computational Modeling Study of COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Khan

Haque

Kaisar

et al. 2021

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The COVID-19 pandemic has spread globally. Only three cases in Bangladesh were reported on March 8, 2020. Here, we aim to predict the epidemic progression for 1 year under different scenarios in Bangladesh. We extracted the number of daily confirmed cases from March 8 to July 20, 2020. We considered the suspected-infected-removed (SIR) model and performed a maximum likelihood-based grid search to determine the removal rate (ɣ). The transmission was modeled as a stochastic random walk process, and sequential Monte Carlo simulation was run 100 times with bootstrap fits to infer the transmission rate (β) and R t. According to the simulation, the (real) peak daily incidence of 3,600 would be followed by a steady decline, reaching below 1,000 in late January 2021. Thus, the model predicted that there would still be more than 300 cases/day even after a year. However, with proper interventions, a much steeper decline would be achieved following the peak. If we apply a combined (0.8β, 1.2ɣ) intervention, there would be less than 100 cases by mid-October, only around five odd cases at the beginning of the year 2021, and zero cases in early March 2021. The predicted total number of deaths (in status quo) after 1 year would be 8,533 which would reduce to 3,577 if combined (0.8β, 1.2ɣ) intervention is applied. We have also predicted the ideal number of tests that Bangladesh should perform and based on that redid the whole simulation. The outcome, though worse, would be manageable with interventions according to the simulation.

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“…With the rapid spread of COVID-19, self-protection has become crucial to avoid contracting this disease. As a highly infectious disease, the two main routes of transmission include direct transmission (e.g., spraying droplets emitted from aerosolized particles through sneezing, coughing or talking), and indirect transmission (contact with surfaces that contain the virus or objects that have been in contact with an infected individual) (Liu, 2020;Ningthoujam, 2020;Tomar and Gupta, 2020). However, the former has been documented to be a more prevalent form of transmission, so an effective mask must be worn to obstruct the transmission of the virus and block its spread when conducting daily life activities (Bałazy et al, 2006;MacIntyre and Chughtai, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing COVID-19 Spread: Development of Reliable Testing System for Mask Reuse

Yao

Yip

et al. 2020

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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While the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) continues to wreak havoc globally, self-protection from possible infection by wearing a mask in daily life has become the norm in many places. The unprecedented demand for masks has now attracted attention on their filtration efficiency. Furthermore, the widespread use of disposable masks has led to shortage of filter materials and problems with their haphazard disposal. In this study, a testing system that is based on standardized methods has been established and enhanced to reliably measure the particle filtration efficiency (PFE) of masks. Quality control experiments that examine the filtration efficiency of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles that are 0.1 µm in size and sodium chloride (NaCl) particles that range from 0.01-1.0 µm are conducted to determine the reliability of the testing system. Moreover, various textile materials are tested to fabricate 3-layer face masks, and the PFE of these masks is tested by using the proposed testing system to find the most suitable materials and the likelihood of their reusability. Among the tested materials, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) used as the membrane in the filter layer has the highest PFE of 88.33% ± 1.80%, which is mainly due to its dense and multilayer structure. The air permeability of the self-developed masks ranges from 1.41 ± 0.04 to 1.93 ± 0.08, less breathable than the commercial masks. The reusability of a mask that uses PTFE as the membrane in the filter layer is tested by gently washing the mask 30 times and then drying the mask in air before the PFE is measured. The PFE is only reduced by 10-20% after 30 washes, thus indicating the potential reusability of the mask. The findings in this study will contribute to reducing the pressure of mask shortages and are an environmentally friendly solution to the massive use of disposable masks.

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COVID 19 can spread through breathing, talking, study estimates

Cited by 59 publications

References 1 publication

Detection of influenza virus in air samples of patient rooms

Detection of influenza virus in air samples of patient rooms

A Computational Modeling Study of COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Addressing COVID-19 Spread: Development of Reliable Testing System for Mask Reuse

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